tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-91853795631111721532024-03-12T04:20:24.880-05:00The Flemish American“For all Flemings, living in Flanders or abroad, their history should be their pride so as to use it for self-improvement and progress.”
– Philemon D. Sabbe & Leon Buyse, Belgians in America, (Tielt: Lannoo, 1960), p.13Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.comBlogger82125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-6316833786601422432015-06-07T08:50:00.002-05:002015-12-25T12:55:01.995-06:00Book: The Flemish Contribution to the Discovery and Settlement of America<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<i>Gentle Reader, instead of posting new discoveries here, today I am asking your opinion.</i><br />
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<i>For the past seven years I have posted approximately 140 posts on this blog about various aspects of the Flemish contribution to America. These blogposts have become the core of the material I have used for my talks (given in Brussels, Chicago, Detroit, Koekelare, Lier, New York, San Francisco, and Washington D.C.) and for articles submitted to the Belgian American Historical Society of Chicago, Gazette van Detroit, De Morgen, The Holland Society, the New Netherland Institute, Flanders Today, and the Flanders House Newsletter. </i><br />
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<i>These blogposts have also been plagiarized by authors in the <a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Flemish-Dean-Amory/dp/1291768084">U.S.</a>, <a href="http://www.faronet.be/vrije-tags/vlamingrant" target="_blank">Belgium</a>, and the <a href="http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/files/4914/1079/7337/Loockermans_narrative_and_genealogy_final_revision_3.pdf">Netherlands</a> for their own articles and books. Oftentimes these authors (some who are well-respected in their professional spheres) have not only lifted my research without attribution, they have copied family photos.</i><br />
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<i>Last year I was approached by a reputable publishing house in Benelux to publish these posts as a book. I was of course flattered and interested. But neither the artistic control nor the economics (10% of net proceeds and a commitment to a run of less than 1000 copies) justified (to me) the effort required to tell the story accurately and completely. And the language medium chosen by the publisher (Dutch) while logical in many respects, meant that an English language version would be pushed off even further. </i><br />
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<i>Since my original goal was to write something that Flemish-Americans could refer to proudly alongside the other ethnicities of this country, the thrust of that effort struck me as tangential to my original goal.</i><br />
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<i>Regardless of the above concerns, I have been asked by a number of individuals for a book that chronicles the full contribution of the Flemish Contribution to the Discovery and Settlement of America. My efforts thus far suggest a sizable (11"x13"/28cm x 33cm) book of at least 400 pages and heavily illustrated in color. The cost for a limited run will be $150 plus whatever shipping and handling costs (uncertain at this point).</i><br />
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<i>The target date for completion is June, 2016. With copies shipped within 30 days. </i><br />
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<i>If you are interested in a copy, please kindly e-mail me, David Baeckelandt, at debendevan@hotmail.com. I look forward to hearing from you. Alvast bedankt!</i><br />
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<i><br /></i>Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-61766750907666154352014-12-16T19:54:00.000-06:002014-12-17T07:51:37.573-06:00WW1 and the Propaganda War in American Books<i>In September I was invited by Museum Curator Bram Beelaert to travel to Antwerp and attend the opening of the excellent exhibit of Flemish Americans during WW1 of <a href="http://www.redstarline.be/en/activity/far-war">"Far From the War" </a> at the <a href="http://www.redstarline.be/en">Red Star Line Museum</a>. This is an exhibit with fascinating stories of both Flemish Americans in the U.S. as well as of Flemish Americans who fought in Flanders. I strongly recommend a visit.</i><br />
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<i>One of the features that we discussed but never managed to complete was the volume of books in English that made the case for the war to Americans before, during and after the U.S. entry into the war in 1917. These books were by Belgians, Britons, Germans, and (in a few cases) Americans. The below is only a sampling. But because they are all in my possession the messages they share are easily transmitted.</i><br />
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<i>Below I have included the cover scans and a brief description in chronological order.</i><br />
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As one might expect, before the war, knowledge of Belgium, Flanders and the Flemish in America was either limited or focused on scholarly subjects. Esther Singletons excellent work, <u>The Art of the Belgian Galleries</u>, was first published in 1909 by the L.G. Page & Company of Boston. Yet, because of American fascination with the war, by November, 1914 this book was already on its third printing. And well that it did. Books like this did a great deal to fix in neutral minds the cultural depths of the Flemish.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpGpgZGjS-nh6eOEtWLXbICgksWiWmnk-BKeYIg-uc2TAqLKyL-rXt_7AW5Is_phBQNpzAareFXm3H6zSG1KAgK7NWwevlqrBI1We2tqo7mI6S600t5fojRXDwLX4forCEVgI36Zw_-Jw/s1600/Our+Little+Belgian+Cousin+1911+001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpGpgZGjS-nh6eOEtWLXbICgksWiWmnk-BKeYIg-uc2TAqLKyL-rXt_7AW5Is_phBQNpzAareFXm3H6zSG1KAgK7NWwevlqrBI1We2tqo7mI6S600t5fojRXDwLX4forCEVgI36Zw_-Jw/s1600/Our+Little+Belgian+Cousin+1911+001.jpg" height="320" width="231" /></a></div>
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Before the first German marched across the Belgian frontier on August 3, 1914, the English language image of Belgium was positive, if somewhat paternalistic. This 1911 book, <u>Our Little Belgian Cousins</u>, published by the L.C. Page & Company of Boston begins with an incredibly condescending note:<br />
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<i>"Our little Belgian cousins are very human people, and the Flemish and Walloons, and those that speak Dutch, and those that speak French are one and all delightful friends, and little American cousins should take pleasure in knowing intimately these hard-working but pleasure-loving folk."</i><br />
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As you might be able to surmise, the target audience was American children. Still, the image was positive (if limited and somewhat warped) before the First World War began.<br />
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Whatever indecision Americans may have had in the first weeks of the war were quickly dispelled by eyewitness accounts of American diplomats and journalists of German barbarities. One journalist (for the <i>New York World</i> newspaper) turned author was E. Alexander Powell. His <u>Fighting in Flanders</u> is real-time and amazingly fresh.<br />
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Recording events up to and including German soldiers marching into Antwerp October 9th, it is packed with names, dates, and photographs. Grossett & Dunlap in New York printed this in November, 1914, which suggests that editors and staff cleared other projects off their desks and moved with amazing speed.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZvi2QbM9DGX_tbhFr_U_klxaxGJmdnQUud-bAySgeNFJNeshLsXe4RFvZ_PUY5VWAeJamQFAWmVn9QKJPgtPDx-ZfGNSxSXYGQEZb-S6cKuI8W10iS8ajydOUGBamsi6EpO_sJkW9XxU/s1600/Young+Lion+of+Flanders+1915+001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZvi2QbM9DGX_tbhFr_U_klxaxGJmdnQUud-bAySgeNFJNeshLsXe4RFvZ_PUY5VWAeJamQFAWmVn9QKJPgtPDx-ZfGNSxSXYGQEZb-S6cKuI8W10iS8ajydOUGBamsi6EpO_sJkW9XxU/s1600/Young+Lion+of+Flanders+1915+001.jpg" height="320" width="224" /></a></div>
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It might seem difficult to manufacture a tawdry romance novel out of what is widely referred to as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_Belgium" target="_blank">The Rape of Belgium</a>", in 1914, but one enterprising Dutch woman, <a href="http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/bwn1880-2000/lemmata/bwn3/kuller" target="_blank">Jo Van Ammers Kueller</a>, managed to do so with the deceptive title <u>A Young Lion of Flanders</u>. This same author would go on to pen pro-German novels during and after World War II.<br />
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Likely translated (from the Dutch) and published (shockingly) in the U.K. sometime in 1915, the tale centers on a young Flemish woman who marries a German officer and is torn between her love for him and for her brothers - one killed and the other (the "Young Lion of Flanders") imprisoned for non-violent acts of defiance. It ends with the German officer giving up his wife in Brussels in exchange for duty to his country. Yet it is hard to imagine this book producing anything more than twisted fantasies in lonely housewives or teenage girls.<br />
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Less ambiguous in its message but also targeted toward an impressionable audience (boys), B<u>oy Scouts in Belgium: or, Under Fire in Flanders</u>, imagines the adventures of three New York boy scouts supporting rights against might in war-torn Belgium.<br />
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Published in 1915 by M.A. Donohue & Company of Chicago, it integrates subtle history lessons and strangely unhistorical explanations for the world:<br />
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<i>"Why do they call the country 'Flanders'?" asked Jimmie. </i><br />
<i>"'Flanders,'" replied the other, "is a name derived from an old nickname or apellation for the people who inhabited that section [of the country]. For a long time the people who lived there were known as 'Fleed-men,' or men who had escaped from other countries. The name gradually was turned into the present form of 'Flemish,' and the country [came to be known] as Flanders...Many a battle has been fought at different times on Flemish territory." </i><br />
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The author periodically inserted some mild rebukes of German behavior - such as this one:<br />
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<i>"It seems too bad to have good folks like those [the Flemish] shot up by the Germans."</i><br />
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But in the end, the American author, through the words of young Jimmie, hews to the official U.S. neutralist stance of that time:<br />
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"I like 'em all. Both the French and Germans were fine!"<br />
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<u>Belgians to the Front</u> is another's boys book with a fantasy experience of boy scouts slipping between the front lines and amidst battles with neither injuries nor unpleasant experiences to report. The author, "Colonel" James Fiske, authored a series of 'juvenile fiction' books from the allied point of view - all with the same cover (see his "<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33480" target="_blank">Under Fire for Servia</a>").<br />
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In this book (also published in Chicago, in 1915), a pair of Brusselaer boy scouts - Paul Latour and Arthur Waller, inspired by their Flemish scout master, Armand Van Verde - in the opening days of the war do what they can to thwart the German invasion. They successfully deliver intelligence that saves a French army from entrapment, relieves Liege, and garners the boys an award from Belgian King Albert himself - in Brussels.<br />
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Judging by the tenor and timeline of the story, this tale was almost certainly submitted for publication in the first month of the war. By the time this book was published in 1915, King Albert was in the Westhoek, on the Flemish coast, far from Brussels. Liege had long ago fallen (Liege fell on August 7, 1914 - 3 days after the Germans first marched across the border). But the inspiration of young boys in (boy scout) uniform doing everything short of shooting in defense of their country was nonetheless inspiring.<br />
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The United States entered the First World War on the side of the Allies on April 6, 1917. One key factor in uniting Americans of disparate ethnic origins of course was the belief in the righteousness of the underdog - in this case Belgium versus Germany. The same month that the United States declared war on Germany, heiress Charlotte Kellogg's <u>Women of Belgium: Turning Tragedy to Triumph</u> was published in New York by Funk & Wagnalls Company.<br />
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As the only woman on Herbert Hoover's "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium" target="_blank">Commission for the Relief of Belgium</a>" - and as someone who had visited Belgium and saw for herself a country where 1.5 million (out of a population of just over 4 million) survived in great part through access to the CRB soup kitchens, Kellogg was a credible voice for the Allied side. Moreover, since she detailed in a dispassionate manner the sufferings - as well as successes brought about by Herbert Hoover's led aid program - her argument for the injustices endured by Belgian civilians at the hands of the Imperial German Army were that much stronger. Writing as she did, before war was actually declared by the U.S., gave her narrative and photos a purity absent from war correspondents and novelists.<br />
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Americans were further inspired as they entered the war by tales of derring-do by Belgian combatants against overwhelming odds. So the 1918 publication of <u>Brave Belgians</u>, an English translation of a 1916 French popular piece by Baron C. Buffin, fit the bill. Although roughly 360 of the 375 pages dealt with the events in the opening months of the War, between August and October, 1914 (and the remaining pages were given over to the reprinting of a 1915 wartime speech), the details reinforced the image America had joined the war for: tough but decent Belgians fighting against a bully jugernaut characterized by the German pickelgruber (spiked helmet).<br />
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The United States' participation in the First World War was brief. Although officially the U.S. joined the Allies in April, 1917, only three US regiments were in the front lines by November, 1917. During the great German offensive of March-April, 1918 only 500 Americans were involved (in a campaign which cost more than 600,000 German and British casualties).<br />
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But by the summer of 1918, 10,000 Americans in uniform were arriving in Europe each day, so that by August 6th, 270,000 Americans participated in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" target="_blank">Aisne-Marne Offensive</a>. Still, U.S. combat deaths of less than 70,000 (and influenza deaths of another 43,000) meant that the United States emerged from the war relatively unscathed. The U.S. casualty rate in fact was not too dissimilar from Belgium - a country with less than 5% of the U.S. population.<br />
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However, for many Americans, there was more than casualty lists that united Belgium and the United States. Like Belgium, the U.S. viewed its entrance as a direct result of Germany violating international law. The above book, <u>America At War: A Handbook of Patriotic Education References</u>, edited by the first professionally-trained (in Freiburg, Germany!) American historian, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bushnell_Hart" target="_blank">Albert Bushnell Hart</a>, also a Harvard alumnus, attempted to academically state the case for the U.S.' involvement. Much of that argument 9as outlined in Hart's bibliographic book) hinged upon Germany's violation of Belgian neutrality and the atrocities perpetrated by Germany in Belgium during the war.<br />
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Since the German percent of the U.S. population then (as now) was the largest single ethnic identity, to some extent this pocket-sized booklet was meant (as the Preface exclaimed) to offset the "uncontroverted falsehood[s] put into circulation by... German propaganda" with "the ideas, which make for democracy, humanity, justice and truth." In other words, to parrott official U.S. justification for entering a European war and ignoring George Washington's famous advice of avoiding European entanglements.<br />
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Propaganda it may be, but this impressive work includes some wonderful gems (I never knew that there had been a hit 1915 play in the U.S. was called "A Belgian Christmas"). Near the book's end is the full text of the June, 1917 speech by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to the Belgian War Mission. Entitled "A Promise to Belgium" it unequivocably states that the U.S. will seek - despite his own forcefully expounded "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen_Points" target="_blank">Fourteen Points</a>" guaranteeing national self-determination - to restore Belgium to its full, pre-war, unitary status. This declaration of course meant that Wilson decided to ignore calls by some Flemings and Walloons (cf <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Destr%C3%A9e" target="_blank">Jules Destree)</a> for dissolution of the Belgian state.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtNZclguUCbrSIz9zrCrNtiHVV-d5DA6b-FSYqH3Yft4su-2NGeslW53nAUE9l8p9t1EscSPQr__YlUoCvUnd9HqVemsw8UOch9jBokbFufzpB4BnkJ_N9yjQhIddY8ZjnupX5zw0Veis/s1600/Pro+Flandria+Servanda+1920+001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtNZclguUCbrSIz9zrCrNtiHVV-d5DA6b-FSYqH3Yft4su-2NGeslW53nAUE9l8p9t1EscSPQr__YlUoCvUnd9HqVemsw8UOch9jBokbFufzpB4BnkJ_N9yjQhIddY8ZjnupX5zw0Veis/s1600/Pro+Flandria+Servanda+1920+001.jpg" height="320" width="201" /></a></div>
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"In its meeting held in Brussels on the 30th October 1918 the Council of Flanders appointed a Flemish Committee for the purpose of centralizing the activist work, keeping up the activist ideal and promoting its realization in the forthcoming peace negotiations. The subjoined correspondence shows what efforts this Flemish Committee has made to acquit itself of the task."<br />
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So begins this fascinating, documentary piece, entitled <u>Pro-Flandria Servanda, Flanders' Right & Claim for Autonomy</u>. Published by the solid Hague firm <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff" target="_blank">Martinus Nijhoff </a>in 1920, this wonderfully bound book argues systematically for (in effect) a confederal state.<br />
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Written in flawless (I am tempted to say, "masterfully elegant") English, it shares, Snowden-like, the correspondence between the Holland-based Committee of three (M'sieurs Alfons Depla, Willem De Vreese, and Leo Meert) and the White House in the months leading up to Versailles. Packed with wonderful facts bolstering their case, it includes an irredentist map that carved out most of the French department Nord. The history of the Flemish people it maps out is targeted to an American reader.<br />
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For many Americans, President Woodrow Wilson included, such issues were frivolous. "Belgium" (not Flanders) resonated and was easily linked back to the casus belli of the conflict. For Wilson (and indeed virtually every American) Belgium redeemed fit best with the war promises made. So to "Belgium" - or its image - Americans returned.<br />
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Colin H. Livingstone, President of the Boy Scouts of America and based in Washington, DC. introduced the 1921 <u>Young Heroes of Britain and Belgium</u> to readers as "true little histories of real little men and women". While author Kathleen Burke may have found inspiration in some 'true little histories', the improbable dialogue, imprecise dates, and absence of supporting details renders the stories as tales, not histories. Whether the characters Piere Van Zeel or Marie Jeanne of Bruges really existed (and I doubt it), each story neatly made a morality play. None of these tales referenced the starvation, carnage, or other unintended consequences of war.<br />
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Naturally, these vignettes were intended to be uplifting. Moreover, the target audience was young men and women (although not younger than teens). Still, from the perspective of an image of Belgium (and Flanders), the image thre author presented was unsullied and unitary.<br />
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The penultimate product of the First World War for Americans interested in Belgium is Henry G. Bayer's 1924 <u>The Belgians: First Settlers in New York and in the Middle States</u>. Bayer banked on the continued fascination of Americans (and himself) in the connection between Belgium and the United States. Fortunately for all of us, this largely-forgotten work pioneered the study of the contribution of Flemings to the discovery and settlement of America.<br />
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Utilizing primary document sources, this former wartime American diplomat extracted from the prevailing narrative of Nieuw Nederland the fact that Flemings (and Walloons) had largely been counted as "Dutch" by historians of colonial America. Bayer, who had spent time in Belgium, credited the Flemish with less than sbsequent scholarship has uncovered, but this may be seen as a legacy of the notorious anti-Fleming (and former U.S. diplomat) William Griffis, who claimed descent from Walloon Huguenots (and carried on the wars of the Reformation with his pen).<br />
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Regardless of the few flaws in Bayer's opus maximus, <u>The Belgians </u>formed the bedrock of all subsequent research into the Flemish experience in North America. Just as the First World War was the defining experience that created the Flemish-American community, so did Bayer's work lay the foundations for its historical consciousness as well.<br />
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<i> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">Copyright 2014 by David Baeckelandt. All rights reserved. No reproduction permitted in any way, shape or form without my express, written permission. This means you especially Dean Amory!</span></i>Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-86624885191676386002014-11-27T13:43:00.000-06:002014-11-27T13:43:47.912-06:00The Flemish Contribution to America's Thanksgiving<br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVWkU1h9h_TX1mKzSs6jeZ5NcrUs8bl7b6shoEnAph-uVfFmZJt6UcDCO98pdg6mOFQp7OC_DI4DFIwLk_Xpe2zf_4RMo7kZyrb7sQ0xqOcSFHwON0eLc97gg3pZ5v9Oo-RZPwIU7f1vA/s1600/Leidens+ontzet_jpg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVWkU1h9h_TX1mKzSs6jeZ5NcrUs8bl7b6shoEnAph-uVfFmZJt6UcDCO98pdg6mOFQp7OC_DI4DFIwLk_Xpe2zf_4RMo7kZyrb7sQ0xqOcSFHwON0eLc97gg3pZ5v9Oo-RZPwIU7f1vA/s400/Leidens+ontzet_jpg.jpg" height="276" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><i style="line-height: 25.59375px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The "Deliverance" of Leiden by the Flemish-led Sea Beggars, October 3, 1574.</span></span></i></td></tr>
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<i> </i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"> </span><i style="line-height: 19.2pt;">Thanksgiving is arguably the most American of holidays. Those of us with a secular bent look at it as not only a chance to feast on turkey and the fixings, but to reconnect with family. Those of us with a Christian bent fall to our knees in thanks to God for all that we have been blessed with. Regardless of emphasis, it is one holiday that transcends nearly every division in American society.</i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref1" style="line-height: 19.2pt;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn1" style="line-height: 19.2pt;" title=""><i>[i]</i></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 19.2pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i><br /></i></span><i>Although it needs no retelling, the story goes that after a bountiful harvest in the fall of 1621, the Pilgrims, in early October, invited 90 of the Wampanoag Indians nearby to join them for a three day feast of Thanksgiving to God. We are taught that the holiday was spontaneous, an outpouring in a sense of the religious fervor the Pilgrims</i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref2"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn2" title=""><i>[ii]</i></a><i> felt and a mark of the goodwill between Native Americans and the Europeans. </i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref3"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn3" title=""><i>[iii]</i></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><i><br /></i></span><i>Whether religious or not, all Americans are taught from childhood that the holiday is a direct legacy of the Pilgrims’ survival of their first year in America. Since approximately 35 million of the 330 million Americans have an ancestor who was at this event</i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref4"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn4" title=""><i>[iv]</i></a><i>, it stands to reason that this remains the prevailing view of the origins of our holiday. </i><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></i><i>Over the past several years, historians have deduced that the Pilgrims adopted not only the language but also the habits and cultural influences picked up from their 11 year stay at Leiden, in the Netherlands. Leiden (or, as the Anglo-Saxon community spelled it, Leyden) was where in fact half of their church (and their beloved pastor, John Robinson) remained after 1620. The Pilgrims’ Thanksgiving feast, in fact, had remarkable echoes and similarities to the celebration instituted in Leiden after the repulse of a Spanish siege in the year 1574.</i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref5"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn5" title=""><i>[v]</i></a><i> </i><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></i><i>One of today’s premier historians of the Pilgrims at Leiden is convinced that the connection between Leiden and the Pilgrims' first Thanksgiving is direct:</i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i>“Inspired by Leiden's 3 October thanksgiving for the lifting of the siege of the city in 1574, the Pilgrims' festivity included prayers, feasting, military exercises, and games. In the nineteenth century the 1621 event served in the promotion of the American national holiday and became known as ‘the first thanksgiving’.”</i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref6"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn6" title=""><i>[vi]</i></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i>As regular readers may suspect, the Flemings</i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref7"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn7" title=""><i>[vii]</i></a><i> contributed to this event. The holiday we now celebrate as Thanksgiving in America owes a debt, then, to Flanders.</i></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><i style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 25.59375px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A romantic depiction of the mayor of Leiden offering his arms as food to the starving inhabitants of Leiden during the siege by the Spanish in the Fall of 1574</span></span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.2pt;"><u>Leiden: A Flemish City</u></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.2pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To uncover the origins of Thanksgiving it is important that we understand the events in Leiden itself. The city of Leiden was a modest place until the mid-16th century. However, its importance to us – in our never-ending search for understanding of the Flemish contribution to the discovery and settlement of America – is central. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To begin with, the bulk of the Pilgrims settling at Massachusetts in 1620 and a group of the settlers for Nieuw Nederland – the stretch of territory from Delaware to Manhattan to Albany – in 1624 had all lived in Leiden. Some of them even became citizens of the city (a difficult task). After in many cases more than a decade of living in Leiden they were thoroughly familiar with Leiden itself. The transplanting of Leiden’s customs to the New World, then, was a natural outcome of their absorption of customs and traditions picked up at Leiden.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As the fighting worsened between the Sea Beggars and the Spanish, the influx of Flemings into Leiden in the early 1570s became so large that by 1575 the locals were a minority of the population. Within 10 years (1586) refugees from the Southern Netherlands (including Flemings and Walloons) made up more than 85% of the population.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn8" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[viii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thus a municipal population that had been 10,000 in 1574 and perhaps 12,000 in 1581, had doubled to 20,000 by 1600.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref9"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn9" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[ix]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By 1622, the year after the first Thanksgiving, the city had nearly doubled again, to 44,745 souls, of which 30,000 (67%) were non-native.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref10"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn10" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[x]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Overwhelmingly, Leiden was a cosmopolitan place where Flemings constituted the largest ethnic bloc. As such, they literally and figuratively surrounded the Pilgrims in Leiden.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiij8qhAGEKoA4SFjEzVHdULuhkV1KXfHdtuisHbNkh-jea_gvo9LFstYZ5m0O-RF_GdhOSJvFoVlcPREEIWDPEqR0eY6rxodL5pwnNgzS5nw5z08mDUPsUH-r-xhQ5zwWY8_L0DYSTBac/s1600/Academiegebouw_Universiteit_Leiden.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiij8qhAGEKoA4SFjEzVHdULuhkV1KXfHdtuisHbNkh-jea_gvo9LFstYZ5m0O-RF_GdhOSJvFoVlcPREEIWDPEqR0eY6rxodL5pwnNgzS5nw5z08mDUPsUH-r-xhQ5zwWY8_L0DYSTBac/s400/Academiegebouw_Universiteit_Leiden.png" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><i style="line-height: 25.59375px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A modern picture of the University of Leiden, with many buildings unchanged since the Siege of 1574.</span></span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 19.2pt;">Not all of these Flemish immigrants arrived directly from the South. Many that might superficially be labeled as English immigrants to Leiden, were in fact Anglo-Flemings. They and their children had lived in England but retained strong ties with Flanders. For example, in 1596 a group of Flemings were warmly received at Leiden, having moved en masse from Norwich where they had attended the "Dutch" Church at St. Andrews.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref11"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn11" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xi]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 19.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 19.2pt;">This church, incidentally, was the same church that John Browne, founder of the Separatists (as the Pilgrims’ branch of Christianity was then known) and his close friend John Robinson, pastor and head of the church the Pilgrims lived in and worshiped when they were in Norwich.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref12"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn12" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xii]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 19.2pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 19.2pt;">St. Andrews in Norwich is also where the core group of the congregation came from in 1604. This congregation became the nucleus of the Separatist Pilgrims by 1608 (when they left England for Holland).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref13"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn13" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xiii]</span></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Flemings in Leiden not only arrived on their own impetus but were actively enticed by the City Fathers.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref14"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn14" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xiv]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Leiden municipality actively offered incentives for textile workers – especially those with knowledge of the New Draperies, an advanced method of creating woolen textiles that required specialized knowledge and were the hot products in Europe due to their lightness and durability.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref15"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn15" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xv]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The influx of Flemings solidly turned Leiden, as one Flemish historian puts it, into a “Textile City”.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref16"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn16" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xvi]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLDQVREANE1B5bNxKBowxcA1PQjXg3pvsUBfMaA5hq_IUnuhNWNRdnbcNBkg1RmKXyRMgXkyBnSekerQNq5wHmfzG5XU0dZR04q62IUzGBUQJI0-MjUAyEbJmWiVahICTGe_LOUmwzyWk/s1600/Justus+Lipsius+486px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_1615.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLDQVREANE1B5bNxKBowxcA1PQjXg3pvsUBfMaA5hq_IUnuhNWNRdnbcNBkg1RmKXyRMgXkyBnSekerQNq5wHmfzG5XU0dZR04q62IUzGBUQJI0-MjUAyEbJmWiVahICTGe_LOUmwzyWk/s400/Justus+Lipsius+486px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_1615.jpg" height="400" width="325" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><i style="line-height: 25.59375px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Peter Paul Rubens - here on the far left - painted himself, his brother (next to him) Jan Wowerius (far right) and the famous Justus Lipsius, Flemish "Rector Magnificus" of Leiden in the 1615 painting "The Four Philosophers".</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 6.5pt;"> </span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However, by the time the Pilgrims arrived in Leiden in 1609, Leiden had firmly acquired another status: that as the sole university town of the Dutch Republic. Since the whole of the Netherlands (what we would consider Benelux and northern bits of France) only had two universities (Leuven and Douai) before the addition of Leiden in 1575 this was quite an honor. More importantly, this was the first university open to all faiths.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref17"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn17" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xvii]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Since an infrastructure for higher learning simply did not exist in the North, virtually all university teaching staff were non-native. And the overwhelming majority of these were in fact Flemings – including the head of the university, Justus Lipsius, a Catholic.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref18"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn18" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xviii]</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But all of these developments – and the link of Flemings with the Pilgrims – was in the future. The story of how Leiden came to be the birthplace of our Thanksgiving as well as a university town that the Pilgrims chose to settle in is directly tied up with the origins of Thanksgiving.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgji4jXg67gzL-fGpB4CGfz4JLozP1swpykeiSNpbHiIpdZZz4LKQBNcPYK0dEsdFnn1gxqY4p5Dzw_98nJFsRI9y8ffSWempc4CXVBKDs3bMLRX6RfcSLy5njRv0mx8_A_mS0yonBQ5Zw/s1600/watergeuzenpt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgji4jXg67gzL-fGpB4CGfz4JLozP1swpykeiSNpbHiIpdZZz4LKQBNcPYK0dEsdFnn1gxqY4p5Dzw_98nJFsRI9y8ffSWempc4CXVBKDs3bMLRX6RfcSLy5njRv0mx8_A_mS0yonBQ5Zw/s320/watergeuzenpt.jpg" height="205" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i style="line-height: 25.59375px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">A romanticized painting of the Sea Beggars in action in the North Sea</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.59375px; text-align: start;"> </span></span></td></tr>
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<u style="line-height: 19.2pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Sea Beggars</span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recall that by 1570 the Duke of Alva’s hardened veterans had subdued much of the Netherlands and compelled obedience to a Catholic regime under the rule of Spain. The Revolt by the Dutch speakers appeared all but over. Yet the quartering upon the local population of the oppressive Spanish, Italian and Walloon troops cost money that Spain did not always supply. The Duke of Alva sought to resolve this and imposed a tax to pay for these troops – called a “tenth penny” – in violation of the enshrined privileges of the Low Countries<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref19"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn19" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xix]</span></a>. Only the States General – the parliament for the Netherlands north and south – could vote for taxes. The Dutch-speaking cities – both Catholic and Protestant – naturally rose up against this taxation without representation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEesbREtgYwmyCSrVaYa0PECE4YYzLq_gafUIlmXp6gTLd1kLGBIKlsJBiBRtVPeugqApGKtAbTQVWxhD-1B9u62uVyU4n6l_3pk19rdYlLIiZ11BLicudGlvK8eTCFrCv_JsFs7I7he4/s1600/Detail_wandtapijt_Leidens_ontzet_-_slag_bij_Zoetermeer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEesbREtgYwmyCSrVaYa0PECE4YYzLq_gafUIlmXp6gTLd1kLGBIKlsJBiBRtVPeugqApGKtAbTQVWxhD-1B9u62uVyU4n6l_3pk19rdYlLIiZ11BLicudGlvK8eTCFrCv_JsFs7I7he4/s400/Detail_wandtapijt_Leidens_ontzet_-_slag_bij_Zoetermeer.jpg" height="370" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><i style="line-height: 22.390625px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">An overhead map of the Deliverance of Leiden October 3, 1574. The importance that this action played in the success of the Dutch Revolt and its historiography cannot be overstated. Likewise, its role as the genesis of the Pilgrims' concept of Thanksgiving brought to America.</span></span></i></td></tr>
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<i> </i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />Earlier, the Dutch-speakers' land-based military attempts to defeat the Spaniards with armies raised in France and Germany had failed miserably. These motley assortments were crushed. The Prince of Orange, around whom the resistance had coalesced, was forced to retreat back to the safety of his German possessions. The one real sanctuary for the Dutch-speaking freedom fighters was in England, amongst the Flemish émigré communities in the coastal towns of southeastern England. It is from here that money was raised by the émigré Flemish Protestant church congregations.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref20"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn20" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xx]</span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Funded by the industriousness of Flemish textile workers – weavers, fullers, dyers, and others – they not only supported their families and built their churches, but armed their sons and sent them into the fight.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref21"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn21" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxi]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Often, this meant literally, in boats launched directly from the coast of England, to raid and disrupt the Spanish occupiers in Flanders, Brabant and Holland.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref22"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn22" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxii]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><i style="line-height: 22.390625px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Willem Van Der Marck, Lord of Lummen (aka "Lumey") and another Flemish commander of the Sea Beggars, as depicted in a contemporary print, after the victory of Den Brielle.</span></span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The hit and run raids launched from England’s shores by the Flemish refugees did not go unchallenged by the Spanish government. Phillip II’s ambassador to England made it clear that continued permission, let alone active official encouragement, by Queen Elizabeth and her councilors of the actions of the Flemish militant émigrés, would be considered an act of war. Unwilling to risk a direct confrontation, Elizabeth expelled the armed mariners from England’s shores in March, 1572.</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><br />Led by Flemish admirals, the Watergeuzen (Sea Beggars) sailed forth. At the top of the list of commanders was Dolhain, Adriaen van Bergues (originally from <a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Winoksbergen">Sint-Winnoksbergen</a>, now known as Bergues, near Dunkirk). Dolhain had created the Sea Beggars in 1570. More famous perhaps was Willem van der Marck – better known as “Lumey”, a reference to the fact that he was Lord of <a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lummen">Lummen</a>, a town in the province of Limburg – and Loedewijk van Boisot of Brussels. But all three, as well as numerous captains below them and the rank and file – were from the region that today we call Flanders.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref23"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn23" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxiii]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyJ2TY0wwgaTWGNKpGfuYjiA1NSLpStPDNZLU7kgImgTbuOu0EINGGcDlRy8yYldgrf-jgiIucJmRuQdD_awQsQ0pe0H-Hq7_DTwZV6cqCKJVcSm20xkBVdILXIBDCAFGLwkcA4HSmsxw/s1600/De+inname+van+Den+Brielle+1571.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyJ2TY0wwgaTWGNKpGfuYjiA1NSLpStPDNZLU7kgImgTbuOu0EINGGcDlRy8yYldgrf-jgiIucJmRuQdD_awQsQ0pe0H-Hq7_DTwZV6cqCKJVcSm20xkBVdILXIBDCAFGLwkcA4HSmsxw/s400/De+inname+van+Den+Brielle+1571.jpg" height="233" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><i style="line-height: 22.390625px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A colorful print of the time showing the Sea Beggars capturing Den Brielle.</span></span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />In a bold move that many considered an important psychological turning point in the Dutch Revolt, under the command of van der Marck, the Sea Beggars captured the coastal town of Den Brielle, on April 1, 1572. The unexpected success at Den Brielle inspired the people of Vlissingen (known as Flushing in English) to rise up. At least a fifth of Flushing were Flemings, a steadily percentage that increased steadily over subsequent years<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref24"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn24" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxiv]</span></a> . These Dutch-speakers expelled the Walloon garrison and declared for the Prince of Orange on April 6th. Hastily reinforced by a detachment from the victors of Den Brielle, the Flemings of Flushing gave the “Dutch Revolt” a firm foothold in the Netherlands. In a short time and one by one, other cities – including Leiden<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref25"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn25" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxv]</span></a>– also expelled their Spanish, Italian and Walloon garrisons and declared themselves loyal to Prince William of Orange.<br /><br /><br />Following a convocation of the States General in July (1572)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref26"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn26" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxvi]</span></a>, Prince William of Orange, represented by his spymaster and ambassador, the Brusselaar, Philip Marnix, Lord of St.-Aldegonde, was invested with the position of Stadtholder. The Dutch Revolt now had, thanks in large part to the leadership of the Flemish, a victory, distinct territory, and a sovereign ruler. By 1574, they also had a <a href="http://youtu.be/gwBrR_G70RE" target="_blank">national anthem</a> – known today as the oldest national anthem in the world – also due to the Fleming, Marnix.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref27"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn27" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxvii]</span></a> It is no accident that all of these factors came together in that same year, 1574, that gave us the first true Thanksgiving, in the “Dutch” city of Leiden.</span><br /><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfHRWK7CBvs73t7rSN_o284sHjHMsnhPoUr54_P7hhGkhCExLxv-AHxjEgdrMWOWbuG43f0tZcDSvzOuITxc83wKaFfXxbhaMvFO9jh6XDTrwRZh68dC9kXOBf6SbsTqAf0NX0kKykWzw/s1600/Map+Leidens+Ontzet+Deliverance.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfHRWK7CBvs73t7rSN_o284sHjHMsnhPoUr54_P7hhGkhCExLxv-AHxjEgdrMWOWbuG43f0tZcDSvzOuITxc83wKaFfXxbhaMvFO9jh6XDTrwRZh68dC9kXOBf6SbsTqAf0NX0kKykWzw/s400/Map+Leidens+Ontzet+Deliverance.jpg" height="297" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i style="line-height: 22.390625px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">A contemporary print showing the stages of the Spanish Siege of Leiden, May - October, 1574.</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.390625px; text-align: start;"> </span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Siege of Leiden</span></u></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />Prompted by victories at Haarlem and elsewhere, the fearsome Spanish</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tercios</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">marched onward. By May 1574 they had surrounded the south Hollands town of Leiden. The trench fighting, cannon bombardments, and sorties by both sides, presaged more modern siege warfare. By October, the population, decimated by a third through disease and fighting, was ready to capitulate. A defeat would have been a disaster. It would have weakened the resolve of all the Dutch-speaking people for independence, and perhaps caused foreign assistance to dry up, as it had in 1572 when Queen Elizabeth expelled the Sea Beggars.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrl81roPL9DdRaZAwRFYRVijC3EOJ7Lr-ttt62OR8IV63_DlKRafkNKE2qpE3GsNQp5RrVVq0fnk0vXHwZQcF55iE-AVCLtDvY6PVTkUeh9cqyEIiKQGvvvBSs5GOvBaRSVLnhc6m1A2g/s1600/430px-Jonkheer_Lodewijk_de_Boisot_%2528Cornelis_Visscher%252C_1649%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrl81roPL9DdRaZAwRFYRVijC3EOJ7Lr-ttt62OR8IV63_DlKRafkNKE2qpE3GsNQp5RrVVq0fnk0vXHwZQcF55iE-AVCLtDvY6PVTkUeh9cqyEIiKQGvvvBSs5GOvBaRSVLnhc6m1A2g/s400/430px-Jonkheer_Lodewijk_de_Boisot_%2528Cornelis_Visscher%252C_1649%2529.jpg" height="400" width="286" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><i style="line-height: 22.390625px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Loedewijk van Boisot, the Flemish Admiral of the Sea Beggars who broke the Spanish Siege of Leiden in 1574 and inspired an official celebration of thanksgiving by the townsfolk of Leiden.</span></span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />The Sea Beggars themselves, under the command of their Brussels-born Admiral, Loedewijk van Boisot, assembled a riverine flotilla for the relief of the city. Against heavy resistance they made steady progress against the Spaniards. However, the Sea Beggars found it difficult to breach the outer ring of Spanish defenses. Even worse, while fighting towards Leiden, Admiral Boisot received word that the city was ready to capitulate to the Spaniards <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref28"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn28" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxviii]</span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The people were starving and any determined assault by the Spanish would likely overwhelm the city's defenders. Such was the precariousness of the situation that if Leiden fell, the Revolt itself might falter.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref29"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn29" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxix]</span></a><br /><br /><br />Fortunately, the Dutch had a spy in the Spanish camp. She was none other than the young wife of the Spanish commander. Magdalena Moons, the daughter of an Antwerpenaar, had married the Spanish general, Francisco Valdez.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref30"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn30" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxx]</span></a> Secretly contacted by the Sea Beggars, she agreed to convince her husband to delay his final assault on Leiden by one day. Employing seductive persuasion, Magdalena was successful. General Valdez postponed the preparations for a storming of the city’s walls for 24 hours.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref31"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn31" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxxi]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZVo3RH3SAbEpYLWktNz6uzlh1NXA5xC6fT2sJtr2etD063nkNKXimxS1UvahG6Vj6YEawvkzu-peQp9Ky8s3k5IzYXZJy_ESbGOHxBB7F6rWlvdjZ_ihHyadeSywoomGExz9y0mZfM5E/s1600/498px-Magdalena_Moons_%2526_Francisco_Valdez.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZVo3RH3SAbEpYLWktNz6uzlh1NXA5xC6fT2sJtr2etD063nkNKXimxS1UvahG6Vj6YEawvkzu-peQp9Ky8s3k5IzYXZJy_ESbGOHxBB7F6rWlvdjZ_ihHyadeSywoomGExz9y0mZfM5E/s400/498px-Magdalena_Moons_%2526_Francisco_Valdez.jpg" height="400" width="331" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i style="line-height: 22.390625px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Magdalena Moons and her husband the Spanish commander at Leiden, shortly after their marriage in Antwerp. It was thanks to this daughter of Antwerp that the Spanish delayed a final assault, permitting the Flemish-led Sea Beggars to surprise the Spanish and break the Siege of Leiden.</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.390625px; text-align: start;"> </span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />The Sea Beggars under their Flemish Admiral took advantage of this temporary respite to renew their attack. The suddenness and fury of their assault took the Spaniards and Walloons by surprise. The Spanish troops and their Walloon auxiliaries fled in such haste that boiling black pots of stew – called <i><a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutsepot">hutsepot</a></i> – were still simmering when the Sea Beggars overran the Spanish camp. The reception of the Sea Beggars in Leiden was ecstatic, even though the defenders were terribly gaunt, many near death. The city authorities viewed their survival as a sign of Divine favor and declared a day of Thanksgiving. The date, October 3rd, became enshrined in Leiden history and culture as a day of feasting and of giving thanks to God for their miraculous deliverance.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref32"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn32" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxxii]</span></a></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVLWur6C0hdl3JjQ4i8xe1eV-YyCpks3o6g1Do7TEW6eVxajgS0ZtGSuY4E26XniXQ3uf18ax9JCNNqULcGXQvriKI3nfTt0oTg-UHpfn0v1pfjLfdrfUzxQ2U8RRhIZC5WZjoV_dKTAY/s1600/Leidens_ontzet+1574.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVLWur6C0hdl3JjQ4i8xe1eV-YyCpks3o6g1Do7TEW6eVxajgS0ZtGSuY4E26XniXQ3uf18ax9JCNNqULcGXQvriKI3nfTt0oTg-UHpfn0v1pfjLfdrfUzxQ2U8RRhIZC5WZjoV_dKTAY/s400/Leidens_ontzet+1574.jpg" height="260" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><i style="line-height: 22.390625px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The people of Leiden celebrating their deliverance by the Flemish-led Sea Beggars, October 3, 1574</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 6.5pt;">. </span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><br /><u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Leiden University</span></u></span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Needless to say, the clamor to hear the exploits of the "Deliverance" resulted in a book, a ‘bestseller’ by the standards of its time<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref33"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn33" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxxiii]</span></a>, about the heroic defense of Leiden. This bestseller was printed, of course, by a Fleming (from Antwerp).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref34"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn34" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxxiv]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Much of the focus of the book – by Jan Dousa – was on the heroic efforts of his military poet-friend (and later Secretary of the town), Jan Van Hout. Van Hout's example featured prominently in the retelling at each commemoration of the Siege of Leiden.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><br />As a reward for the city’s stout defense, in December, 1574, Prince William of Orange granted the city a choice of either relief from taxation or the privilege of establishing a university. After consultation, the city magistrates, chose the establishment of a university. The University of Leiden was established February 8, 1575.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNgFaGycDux1j3X18BESk-FVMrNuyD40MweXMeamPBkSj0jaDm8F4PoVVW8tXhpB0Pp7PegbfQDfvWL9KOmsM_NF1WlkQkCaqwEqxCKeTBg6R7BC2BUtgiZQqb-VzKedGOIZD1JhAXAqs/s1600/Leiden+University+Bldg+1613.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNgFaGycDux1j3X18BESk-FVMrNuyD40MweXMeamPBkSj0jaDm8F4PoVVW8tXhpB0Pp7PegbfQDfvWL9KOmsM_NF1WlkQkCaqwEqxCKeTBg6R7BC2BUtgiZQqb-VzKedGOIZD1JhAXAqs/s400/Leiden+University+Bldg+1613.jpg" height="286" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i style="line-height: 22.390625px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The University of Leiden in 1613. Just a short distance away the English Separatists (who became the American Pilgrims) lived in Leiden for a dozen years. Leiden's university is where the pastor of the Separatists' church, John Robinson, studied theology under the Fleming from Gent Johannes Polyander.</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.390625px; text-align: start;"> </span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Leiden became the first university in the Northern Netherlands – and the first Protestant university dedicated to a humanist education. Leuven, north of Brussels, and Douai, further south, emphasized an officially Catholic Low Countries education. Leiden University was to both influence and be influenced by the city. Leiden University attracted Catholics and Protestants from all around Europe.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref35"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn35" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxxv]</span></a></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">With the city, the university became a symbol of Leiden’s successful resistance to political and religious intolerance. For, despite its strong association with Protestantism (and especially Calvinism), the university was (as the best today are as well) agnostic to the beliefs of its teaching staff.</span><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAHK1jwa8WDDUf7mLBMWeP-2j30D6l_sLddgGqGjY5q8Pft38bIT79kgYm02qp-L0YulexRQayhfUrjII22gHDH7rao7ipr5nyIUaj6LhTzgZi0Tn5kqoCRpsV9WBp-RjDO6dnGYyRDsY/s1600/465px-Antonio_Moro_-_Willem_I_van_Nassau+1555.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAHK1jwa8WDDUf7mLBMWeP-2j30D6l_sLddgGqGjY5q8Pft38bIT79kgYm02qp-L0YulexRQayhfUrjII22gHDH7rao7ipr5nyIUaj6LhTzgZi0Tn5kqoCRpsV9WBp-RjDO6dnGYyRDsY/s400/465px-Antonio_Moro_-_Willem_I_van_Nassau+1555.jpg" height="400" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><i style="line-height: 22.390625px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Prince William of Orange ("The Silent") in a 1555 painting. Raised in Brussels and heavily surrounded by numerous Flemish advisors, it was for Orange and freedom that the Dutch-speakers fought against Spain.</span></span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />For starters, the primate of the university was Justus Lipsius, a Catholic Fleming <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn36" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxxvi]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">who was appointed a professor of history. Nor was Lipsius alone. The university staff were overwhelmingly Flemings. A partial list of Flemish instructors at Leiden includes Franciscus Raphelengius (son-in-law of the printer Christoffel Plantin of Antwerp), Lambertus Barlaeus, Daniel Heinsius, Bonaventura Vulcanius, Antonius Walaeus, A. Damman, Arnoldus Geulincx, Antonius Thysius, Johan Bollius, Jeremias Bastingius, Petrus Bertius, Dominicus Baudius, Joost van Meenen, Franciscus Gomarus, and Johannes II Polyander van Kerckhoven.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref37"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn37" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxxvii]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Since at its largest during those first forty years, the student body never even reached 300 students at any one time, the impact and involvement of the faculty with students was close and personal.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref38"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn38" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxxviii]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX8L6dZje0sqe4uUB2a2EF1LxB0OjqOpLN4HhXnFtfqv2TufCtuKamRxJTN6QNWyU_ewjfGOVFbk5Q35cyQWSjMLJmMyfdn9nkSawrVkN0IVFC1hrX251O1EI3cDCqZP5g-L0DBTJLk_Q/s1600/Leiden+University+Library.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX8L6dZje0sqe4uUB2a2EF1LxB0OjqOpLN4HhXnFtfqv2TufCtuKamRxJTN6QNWyU_ewjfGOVFbk5Q35cyQWSjMLJmMyfdn9nkSawrVkN0IVFC1hrX251O1EI3cDCqZP5g-L0DBTJLk_Q/s400/Leiden+University+Library.jpg" height="335" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i style="line-height: 22.390625px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The University of Leiden library about the same time (1614) as John Robinson, pastor of the Separatists, was a student there. This became the largest library in Protestant Europe, and Leiden its most important university. But at the time the Pilgrims were in Leiden, annual enrollment was less than 300 students.</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.390625px; text-align: start;"> </span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh646TyjSBVaLBlIaxpjWKHdCqvQa4-3PXZjzZgmodfY4rD_MTh3mpP0tUohxvDt_5OR4HGcFU5Q0MxgzBHBvzXgZPURQYKrbIrTfBkXVAMwKOHk2DnfxZooPhO2CJs2W8ZqIbAoks3CkU/s1600/Arminian+Barricade+1618+Leiden.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh646TyjSBVaLBlIaxpjWKHdCqvQa4-3PXZjzZgmodfY4rD_MTh3mpP0tUohxvDt_5OR4HGcFU5Q0MxgzBHBvzXgZPURQYKrbIrTfBkXVAMwKOHk2DnfxZooPhO2CJs2W8ZqIbAoks3CkU/s400/Arminian+Barricade+1618+Leiden.jpg" height="286" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><i style="line-height: 22.390625px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Arminian riots of 1618 in Leiden. Sparked by the disputes between the Fleming (from Brugge) Gromarus and the Dutchman Arminius, these disturbances were one of the factors that compelled the Pilgrims to leave for America in 1620.</span></span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />These happy circumstances continued until 1618-1620. During those years purges swept through the Dutch Republic and Leiden. Legions of professors lost their positions, <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn39" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxxix]</span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the Separatists lost their printing press and financial patron<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref40"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn40" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xl]</span></a>, and even the supreme political leader of the Dutch Republic, Johannes Oldenbarnevelt (who had served in the Sea Beggars during the relief of Leiden), lost his life.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref41"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn41" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xli]</span></a>These sweeping purges convinced many that it was time to move on. The congregation of slightly more than 100, of mainly English Separatists, under the leadership of Pastor John Robinson, was among those that left Leiden in partial response to the anti-Arminian purges. The Pilgrims left the city of their 11 year sojourn with few possessions. But they moved onto the New World with strengthened faith, deepened Dutch, and strong traditions forged in Leiden.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><br /><u>The Pilgrims and the First Thanksgiving</u></span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On March 1, 1586, exactly 14 years to the day after Queen Elizabeth expelled the Flemish-led Sea Beggars from England, Queen Elizabeth’s favorite courtier and her designate as Governor General over the Netherlands in their struggle against Spain, arrived in Leiden. The chief delegate for the Dutch government was Adolf van Meetkercke. A native of Brugge <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn42" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xlii]</span></a>, Van Meetkercke had served as the former President of the Council of Flanders.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref43"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn43" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xliii]</span></a> As Queen Elizabeth's representatives approached, Van Meetkercke met the Earl of Leicester with a sweeping bow that was so low it drew the scorn of his compatriots.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref44"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn44" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xliv]</span></a> The importance of the deliverance of Leiden, that the Earl and his entourage were conducted to a pageant play that commemorated the Siege of Leiden in 1574.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><br />Among the Earl of Leicester’s entourage was the English diplomat William Davison as Ambassador to the States General of the Netherlands. Assisting Davison as assistant was a young William Brewster. This same William Brewster later became both a spiritual and later the surrogate father to William Bradford (Governor of the Pilgrims at Plymouth and author of the most comprehensive account of the Pilgrim’s journey). Brewster at Leiden acted as the author, chief propagandist and publisher of the Pilgrim’s Press at Leiden as well as an Elder of the Separatists’ Church at Leiden.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i style="line-height: 22.390625px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Jan Van Hout, a hero of the Siege of Leiden (whose story was printed by the Fleming Verschout) and the Town Secretary who granted permission to the Pilgrims to settle in Leiden, shortly before his death in 1609. It was likely the early connection between him and Pilgrim Elder William Brewster at the 1586 pageant celebrating the lifting of the Siege of Leiden that led the Pilgrims to relocate to Leiden.</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 22.390625px; text-align: start;"> </span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">One of the heroes of the siege, Jan Van Hout, was an author, a poet, a classicist and a close friend of the head of the university<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref45"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn45" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xlv]</span></a>, Justus Lipsius.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref46"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn46" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xlvi]</span></a> Van Hout also acted as Town Secretary. He held that position up until his death in 1609. One of Van Hout's final acts was to grant official permission to John Robinson and his church of 100 Separatists).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref47"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn47" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xlvii]</span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><br />While it is possible that Van Hout may not have remembered Brewster – whom he first met on March 1, 1586 – it seems unlikely that the Pilgrims would have officially requested permission (which was unnecessary) to settle in Leiden unless they hoped that by doing so to gain some advantage for their congregation. Since Brewster was not just a member of Robinson’s congregation, but also an Elder of the Church and a close confidant of William Bradford (the Governor of the colony when it reached the New World) it seems unlikely to me that this was accidental. Certainly it must have been a factor in their considerations during the year (1608) they observed an increasingly disruptive environment among their co-religionists in Amsterdam.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref48"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn48" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xlviii]</span></a><br /><br />During their</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">eleven year</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">stay in Leiden, the Pilgrims lived directly across the street from the center of October 3rd Thanksgiving celebrations: Pieterskerk (St. Peter’s Church).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref49"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn49" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xlix]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Every October 3rd municipal authorities passed out free herring and white bread (to commemorate the first rations received from the Sea Beggars that day on 1574). Since twenty-one Pilgrim families lived surrounding the garden outside the church, ample members of the congregation over the eleven years had a chance to observe the celebrations and absorb their meaning.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref50"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn50" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[l]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Pilgrim’s Separatist congregation met twice on Sunday and once on Thursday evenings – always at Robinson’s home across from Pieterskerk.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref51"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn51" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[li]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMoDEM8p8wriPqUpoULr2bDUan6_MoOeNGcPsExDESfuYy2oUea28gxjjKEv1P9EWXKJINy8GLr4wS8my9Nqg7UWvPcexmfmC8NgJ7k3WkiGFW0n7Vw2gjNEjAQ3W_nnrKTj5TZE2tkzk/s1600/Map+of+Pieterskerk+1600.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMoDEM8p8wriPqUpoULr2bDUan6_MoOeNGcPsExDESfuYy2oUea28gxjjKEv1P9EWXKJINy8GLr4wS8my9Nqg7UWvPcexmfmC8NgJ7k3WkiGFW0n7Vw2gjNEjAQ3W_nnrKTj5TZE2tkzk/s400/Map+of+Pieterskerk+1600.jpg" height="400" width="305" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><i style="line-height: 22.390625px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Pieterskerk, where the annual Thanksgiving for the Deliverance of Leiden was celebrated every October 3rd. It was in the homes directly around the square of Pieterskerk where the 21 families of the Separatist church lived. John Robinson's home where the Pilgrims worshipped 3x/week - was also immediately outside Pieterskerk. From the Pieterskerk to Leiden University was a short walk. </span></span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />If they had not imbibed an understanding of the Leiden Thanksgiving celebrations from daily, close proximity to Pieterskerk, nor from initial and historical personal contact with one of the central characters of the city’s defense, Jan Van Hout, the Pilgrims certainly would have learned of it through their involvement with Leiden University. The University was only a short walk (less than 5 minutes away) from Pieterskerk. Moreover, Pastor John Robinson was a student (and protégé of the Flemish Professor Johannes Polyander) at the university. William Brewster too, while not officially a teacher at the University, taught University students English as a side job.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_ednref52"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn52" title=""><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[lii]</span></a><br /><br />The Flemish influence on the Pilgrims during their stay in Leiden was pervasive. Not only were the majority of the population around the Pilgrims at Leiden refugee Flemings, but the central formative cultural experience that melded a common consciousness for the city and university was defined by these same Flemish emigres. The holiday of Thanksgiving here in America, while today quite different from the celebration the Pilgrim Fathers witnessed annually while in Leiden during their 11 year stay, is unquestionably tied into that event. The Flemish influence, then, on the Pilgrim’s celebration of the first Thanksgiving in America, was direct and immediate, and a legacy that we who share a Flemish heritage, can point to with pride as one of our contributions to the settlement of America.</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0k0X2l17Mz14aeXX27fjkPdalDJ9GxYwmS6WfUbo8qMLcJnfF1HjffXEZ_hxz2sJrODG5uq0xT3-QjsL4XCCp_PUwi94qrU8APc3BrNPER6vNIGv0lPE9eX8L5AXZ5AefReJEOSZ0mAQ/s1600/Thanksgiving.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0k0X2l17Mz14aeXX27fjkPdalDJ9GxYwmS6WfUbo8qMLcJnfF1HjffXEZ_hxz2sJrODG5uq0xT3-QjsL4XCCp_PUwi94qrU8APc3BrNPER6vNIGv0lPE9eX8L5AXZ5AefReJEOSZ0mAQ/s400/Thanksgiving.jpg" height="400" width="311" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><i style="line-height: 22.390625px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Norman Rockwell's depiction of an American Thanksgiving dinner, while vastly different than the custom brought over from Leiden by the Pilgrims in 1620, looks like this today for many American families.</span></span></i></td></tr>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Endnotes</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn1"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref1" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[i]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thanksgiving does not of course resonate well in Native American circles. In fact, the holiday itself – infused as it is by our 19th century predecessors with romantic Victorian notions that imply a Divine blessing to the subsequent European occupation of the continent – is a painful reminder to the remnants of the Wampanoag, Pequot, and other tribes of the loss of political and cultural independence. See Nathanial Philbrick,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (New York: Penguin, 2006), pp. 354-356. Incidentally, recent articles suggest that vegetarians are not enthusiastic. See Scott Bolohan, Page Four Columnist, “Thanksgiving? I’ll Take a Pass”,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Chicago Tribune’s Redeye</i></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Wednesday, November 25, 2009.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn2"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref2" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[ii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Please see Jeremy Dupertius Bangs, ‘Pilgrim Fathers (act. 1620)’,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, online edition, Oxford University Press, May 2007 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/93695, accessed</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />document.write(printCitationDate());</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />5 April 2009] at</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93695.html"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93695.html</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">for an excellent definition of exactly who the Pilgrim Fathers were. However, Dupertius’ numbers for the Flemings are dramatically understated. See Dr. J. Briels,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zuid-Nederlanders in de Republiek 1572-1630: Een Demografische en Cultuurhistorische Studie</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Sint-Niklaas: Danthe, 1985).</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn3"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref3" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[iii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intentionally I use the term “European” instead of “English”. The colonists may have been predominantly English, but not exclusively so. There was at least one Fleming and one Walloon in the mix. A fact I hope to further elaborate upon in a later post.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn4"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref4" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[iv]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The 35 million number is found in Nathanial Philbrick,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (New York: Penguin, 2006), p. 355. The 311 million is an estimate (see John Grimond, “Counting Heads” in The Economist: The World in 2010 , November, 2009, p. 46).</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn5"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref5" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[v]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jeremy Dupertius Bangs in “Thanksgiving Day – A Dutch Contribution to American Culture?” in</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>New England Ancestors </i></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Holiday 2000). Wade Cox, ed., “The Dutch Connection of the Pilgrim Fathers”, in Christian Churches of God, #264, 1998, p.4 (http://www.logon.org and</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://www.ccg.org/"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.ccg.org</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">makes a connection between the first Thanksgiving and the Dutch</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Dankdag voor Gewas</i> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">which I think is erroneous. But his connection between the Pilgrim Fathers and Annabaptism imported by Flemings is dead-on, albeit underdeveloped (details on why will be in a future blog posting). The official website for the Dutch festival can be found here:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://www.3october.nl/"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.3october.nl/</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn6"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref6" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[vi]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jeremy Dupertius Bangs, ‘Pilgrim Fathers (act. 1620)’,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, online edn, Oxford University Press, May 2007 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/93695, accessed</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />document.write(printCitationDate());</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />5 April 2009] at</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93695.html"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93695.html</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn7"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref7" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[vii]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Technically, I should state that it is the contribution of Flemings, Brabanders, and Limburgers. But since this is a modern audience my definition is all those Dutch speakers in modern day Belgium and northern France.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn8"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref8" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[viii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dr. J. Briels,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zuid-Nederlanders in de Republiek 1572-1630: Een Demografische en Cultuurhistorische Studie</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Sint-Niklaas: Danthe, 1985), pp. 125-134. An unlabelled table on p.134 has the percentages I refer to.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn9"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref9" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[ix]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Per Paul Paul Hoftijzer, quoting a contemporary writing in 1588: “voor eenighe jaeren geheel dedepopuleert synde ...tegenwoordich voor de meesten part ... bewoont by vremdelingen, uyt Brabant, Vlaenderen ende andere quartieren verdreven” (having been depopulated for some years … is currently inhabited for the most part … by foreigners driven from Brabant, Flanders,and other regions).” Paul Hoftijzer, “Leiden Miracle”, p.82 online here</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://www.brill.nl/downloads/Brillin2007-EN-LeidenMiracle.pdf"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.brill.nl/downloads/Brillin2007-EN-LeidenMiracle.pdf</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn10"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref10" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[x]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dr. J. Briels,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zuid-Nederlanders in de Republiek 1572-1630: Een Demografische en Cultuurhistorische Studie</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Sint-Niklaas: Danthe, 1985), “Table XXI: Immigratie in de Noordelijke Nederlanden-Samenvatting”, p. 214. Several other cities, such as Haarlem and Middelburg, also had more than 50% non natives in 1622. This has prompted Gusaaf Asaert, in <u>De Val van Antwerpen en de Uittocht van Vlamingen en Brabanders</u>, (Tielt: Lannoo, 2004), p.156, to call Haarlem (for example) “een half-Vlaamse stad”.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn11"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref11" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xi]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Ondertussen hield ook de inwijking vanuit Engeland aan: nog in 1596 werden Vlamingen uit Norwich door de stad 'lief-flick, minnelick ende in der vruntschappe...ontfangen...ende met het borgerschap vereert.'" Quote from a Leiden magistrate found in Dr. J. Briels,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zuid-Nederlanders in de Republiek 1572-1630: Een Demografische en Cultuurhistorische Studie</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Sint-Niklaas: Danthe, 1985) p.127. My thanks to Ms. Siska Moens of Brussel, Mr. Luc Van Braekel (</span><a href="http://www.lvb.net/"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">www.lvb.net</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">), and Mr. Frans Vandenbosch (author of more than 30 books) for assisting me with the translation of this archaic excerpt.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn12"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref12" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">See Stephen S. Slaughter, “The Dutch Church at Norwich”,</span><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Congregational Historical Society</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, April 21, 1933, pp. 31-48, 81-96. Especially see pp. 31-32 for the connection between the “Dutch” [clearly Flemish] Church, the influx of Annabaptist theological concepts, and the direct connection between those thoughts brought over by the Flemish on Robert Browne and John Robinson. For a fascinating suggestion of an admittedly tentative link between the same Dutch Church at Norwich and Thomas Helwys, founder of the Baptist movement, see Ernest A. Kent, “Notes on the Blackfriars’ Hasll or Dutch Church, Norwich”,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Norfolk Archaeology</i></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, 22 (1924–6), pp. 86–108. See especially p. 89 showing the burial tablet for Nicolai Helwys.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn13"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref13" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xiii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Timothy George,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">John Robinson and the English Separatist Tradition</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Macon GA: Mercer University Press, 1982), p.79.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn14"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref14" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xiv]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dr. J. Briels,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">De Zuidnederlandse Immigratie, 1572-1630</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Haarlem: Fibula van Dishoeck, 1978), p. 38.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn15"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref15" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xv]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My preference for anyone looking to understand the textile industry in Flanders and its connection to the wider world during this period is to begin with the University of Toronto’s John Munro. Munro’s impressive output nicely weaves [sorry] the whole together. See for example, his “Wool and Wool-Based Textiles in the West European Economy, c.800 - 1500:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Innovations and Traditions in Textile Products, Technology, and Industrial Organisation.” 24 November 2000, Working Paper no. 5 UT-ECIPA-MUNRO-00-05. On-line version:<a href="http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/ecipa/wpa.html"><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/ecipa/wpa.html</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Although riven through with a Belgicist viewpoint which minimizes the Flemish contribution, the standard work on the “New Draperies” probably still is Pirenne, Henri : "Une crise industrielle au XVIème siècle. La draperie urbaine et la "nouvelle draperie" en Flandre" in</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Bulletin de l'Académie</i> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />Royale de Belgique, Classe des Lettres, n°5, 1905.</span><a href="http://digistore.bib.ulb.ac.be/2006/a12959_000_f.pdf"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://digistore.bib.ulb.ac.be/2006/a12959_000_f.pdf</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn16"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref16" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xvi]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gustaaf Asaert,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">De Val van Antwerpen en de Uittocht van Vlamingen en Brabanders</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Tielt: Lannoo, 2004), p.146</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn17"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref17" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xvii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gustaaf Asaert,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">De Val van Antwerpen en de Uittocht van Vlamingen en Brabanders</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Tielt: Lannoo, 2004), pp.148-149.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn18"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref18" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xviii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gustaaf Asaert,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">De Val van Antwerpen en de Uittocht van Vlamingen en Brabanders</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Tielt: Lannoo, 2004), pp.188-192</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn19"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref19" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xix]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Much could be and has been written about the privileges of both the towns and the guilds of the Low Countries in general and specifically of Flanders. Those privileges were granted to keep the guilds happy. The guilds came together in response to control quality and pricing by artisans in each locality. Nearly all these guilds rose with the expansion of the textile industry in Flanders from the 1100s on. See</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://www.corvalliscommunitypages.com/Europe/dutch_belgium/flanders.htm"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.corvalliscommunitypages.com/Europe/dutch_belgium/flanders.htm</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">for translations of the agreements between the guilds and the local rulers.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn20"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref20" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xx]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Queen Elizabeth’s policy toward both the refugees on her soil and their support of the Dutch Revolt was inconsistent – but at times strongly encouraged. See Andrew Pettegree,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Foreign Protestant Communities in Sixteenth-Century London</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p.268.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn21"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref21" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxi]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For a good review of the Flemish émigrés in England and their contribution to the war effort at this critical juncture – and the only coherent discussion I have seen – see D.J.B. Trim, “Protestant Refugees in Elizabethan England and Confessional Conflict in France and the Netherlands, 1562-c.1610”, pp.69-73, in Randolph Vigne and Charles Littleton, eds.,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From Strangers to Citizens: The Integration of Immigrant Communities in Britain, Ireland and Colonial America, 1570-1750</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2001), pp.68-79. Unfortunately, this four-page bit by Professor Trim is merely a sketch. A full book could be written on this subject. I have not been able to find any monograph on this subject but would love to see one.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn22"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref22" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The return of Flemish Protestants to Flanders in 1566 was just such a raid.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn23"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref23" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxiii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gustaaf Asaert,<u>De Val van Antwerpen en de Uittocht van Vlamingen en Brabanders</u>, (Tielt: Lannoo, 2004), pp.211-214. Note that nearly the entire upper cadre of watergeuzen leaders at this time were from Flanders and Brabant. Ghislain de Fiennes, Lord of Lumbres, had originally organized the Sea Beggars in 1570. The liaison between Prince William of Orange and the Sea Beggars was Louis de Boischot’s brother Charles (also born in Brussel). Even the captains of the various ships – such as Antoon Utenhove from Ieper and Antoon van de Rijne from Oudenaarde.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn24"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref24" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxiv]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dr. J. Briels,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zuid-Nederlanders in de Republiek 1572-1630: Een Demografische en Cultuurhistorische Studie</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Sint-Niklaas: Danthe, 1985), p. 192.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn25"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref25" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxv]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">See the translation of real documents related to this and other aspects of the Dutch Revolt here:</span><a href="http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/English/default.htm"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/English/default.htm</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn26"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref26" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxvi]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">See the translation of the address for this first convocation here:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/English/default.htm"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/English/default.htm</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn27"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref27" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxvii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Phillips Marnix is credited with authoring</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Het Wilhelmus</i></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, the Dutch national anthem, which was first written down in 1574. See</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmus"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmus</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn28"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref28" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxviii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">See a translation here:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/English/default.htm"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/English/default.htm</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Note that contrary to many popular histories, the mayor of the town (Pieter van der Werff) appears to have been ready to surrender.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn29"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref29" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxix]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The siege of Leiden, if not quite the longest – that of Middleburg was longer – was the costliest, hardest fought, and most decisive, as well as the most epic of the great sieges of the Revolt…had Leiden fallen, The Hague and Delft would have been untenable and the Revolt as a whole might well have collapsed.” Jonathan I. Israel,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall: 1477-1806</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 181. Like many Dutch-centric historians, Israel completely ignores the contribution of Flemings to the Republic and the Revolt.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn30"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref30" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxx]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Recent technical advances in lithography made it possible to confirm that Moons was not the lover but the wife of Francisco Valdez. See</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://www.art-innovation.nl/nieuws.php?id=30"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.art-innovation.nl/nieuws.php?id=30</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn31"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref31" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxxi]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Admittedly, most of my information here is culled from</span><a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Moons"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Moons</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn32"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref32" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxxii]</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">See the Dutch language site here:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://www.3october.nl/default.asp?id=792"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.3october.nl/default.asp?id=792</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn33"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref33" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxxiii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">See Paul Hoftijzer, “Leiden Miracle”, p.84 online here</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://www.brill.nl/downloads/Brillin2007-EN-LeidenMiracle.pdf"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.brill.nl/downloads/Brillin2007-EN-LeidenMiracle.pdf</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn34"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref34" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxxiv]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The name of the Antwerpenaar printer was Andrew Verschout. See Paul Hoftijzer, “Leiden Miracle”, p.84 online here</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://www.brill.nl/downloads/Brillin2007-EN-LeidenMiracle.pdf"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.brill.nl/downloads/Brillin2007-EN-LeidenMiracle.pdf</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn35"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref35" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxxv]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jonathan I. Israel,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall: 1477-1806</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998),p.572. Here as throughout his book, like many other Dutch-centric historians, Israel completely ignores the contribution of Flemings to the Republic and the Revolt.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn36"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref36" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxxvi]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Technically Lipsius was a Brabander, born in Overijse,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overijse"><span style="color: #999999; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overijse</span></a></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">where the central market place is now named after him:</span><a href="http://www.overijse.be/index.asp"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.overijse.be/index.asp</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The university was officially established February 8, 1575.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn37"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref37" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxxvii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This list was culled from Gustaaf Asaert,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">De Val van Antwerpen en de Uittocht van Vlamingen en Brabanders</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Tielt: Lannoo, 2004), pp.188-189.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn38"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref38" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxxviii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jonathan I. Israel,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall: 1477-1806</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p.572.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn39"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref39" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xxxix]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jonathan I. Israel,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall: 1477-1806</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp.577-578.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn40"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref40" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xl]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">See Rendel Harris and Stephen K. Jones,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Pilgrim Press:A bibliographical & historical memorial of the books printed at Leyden by the Pilgrim Fathers</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Cambridge: Feffer & Sons, 1922) found online here:</span><a href="http://www.archive.org/stream/pilgrimpressbibl00harriala#page/28/mode/2up"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.archive.org/stream/pilgrimpressbibl00harriala#page/28/mode/2up</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn41"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref41" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xli]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jonathan I. Israel,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall: 1477-1806</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 485-491. Israel’s account is rich with analysis but poor on dates and chronology. For reference on dates,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_van_Oldenbarnevelt"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_van_Oldenbarnevelt</span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn42"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref42" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xlii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adolf van Meetkercke, a classical scholar, was a native of Brugge, according to a title on his book. See Adolphi Mekerchi Brugensis De veteri et recta pronuntiatione linguae Graecae commentarius</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0001/bsb00012953/images/index.html?id=00012953&fip=75.57.119.190&no=3&seite=2"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0001/bsb00012953/images/index.html?id=00012953&fip=75.57.119.190&no=3&seite=2</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Van Meetkercke was also a good friend of the Antwerpenaar cartographer Abraham Ortelius, as evidenced by the poem he penned on the title page of Ortelius’ Atlas (ironically, dedicated to Phillip II in 1570). See</span><a href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/gnrlort.html"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/gnrlort.html</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. As such, this implies contact with Emanuel Van Meteren (Ortelius’ close friend and cousin based in London) and Petrus Plancius. Adolf’s son Edward later became a professor of Hebrew at Oxford. See Ole Peter Grell,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Calvinist Exiles in Tudor and Stuart England</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996), p. 237. All four of Van Meetkercke’s sons joined and officered in the English army in the Netherlands in the 1580s-1590s.Baldwin, Adolf’s second son, was knighted by Sir Francis Drake at Cadiz in 1596 for his heroism against the Spaniards. See D.J.B. Trim, “Protestant Refugees in Elizabethan England and Confessional Conflict in France and the Netherlands, 1562-c.1610”, pp.72-73, in Randolph Vigne and Charles Littleton, eds.,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From Strangers to Citizens: The Integration of Immigrant Communities in Britain, Ireland and Colonial America, 1570-1750</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2001), pp.68-79. The Van Meetkerckes were not only co-religionists but friends of Emanuel Van Meteren, historian and the Antwerp-born “Dutch” Consul in London.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn43"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref43" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xliii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">See A.G.H. Bachrach,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sir Constantine Huygens and Britain: 1596-1687 – A Pattern of Cultural Exchange</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Leiden: Leiden University Press, 1962), pp. 150-151. Van Meetkercke was an early supporter of William of Orange and ended up becoming a very close friend of the Earl of Leicester but when he was disgraced, fled to London. Like many Flemish immigrants to England, one of his sons served with conspicuous bravery in the English navy well and was knighted.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn44"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref44" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xliv]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The author of this critique was Frans van Dusseldorp, a Dutch Catholic with strongly pro-Spanish sentiments who eventually was ordained a priest. Although he died in obscurity, his “Annales” offer a different perspective of Dutch history during this time. For my reference to the original statement seeJ.A. Van Dorsten,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Poets Patrons and Professors: Sir Philip Sidney Daniel Rogers and the Leiden Humanists</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Leiden: Leiden University Press, 1962), p.115. For a discussion of the Annales in Dutch, please see Robert Fruin’s Verspreide Geschriften, Volume 7, p.237. The out-of-print book is accessible online here:</span><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=keJMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA267&lpg=PA267&dq=dusseldorpius&source=bl&ots=CT-dYMrIqU&sig=yWqCwlGN2eNvD7XXVF-AeSbbuqU&hl=en&ei=lF8RS87qC4biMfb7zYIM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=dusseldorpius&f=false"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://books.google.com/books?id=keJMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA267&lpg=PA267&dq=dusseldorpius&source=bl&ots=CT-dYMrIqU&sig=yWqCwlGN2eNvD7XXVF-AeSbbuqU&hl=en&ei=lF8RS87qC4biMfb7zYIM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=dusseldorpius&f=false</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. An excellent book review that includes a description of Dusseldorpius (as he was more generally known) in English by George Edmundson in the English Historical Review (1895: pp. 579-582) is accessible here:</span><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=BpPRAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA7-PA580&lpg=RA7-PA580&dq=%22Frans+van+Dusseldorp%22,+%22leicester%22&source=bl&ots=duNO93aMB_&sig=kLzUlirDstDWQOmtqjRHFlHktKo&hl=en&ei=-F8RS46dApS6MMql8DM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Frans%20van%20Dusseldorp%22%2C%20%22leicester%22&f=false">http://books.google.com/books?id=BpPRAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA7-PA580&lpg=RA7-PA580&dq=%22Frans+van+Dusseldorp%22,+%22leicester%22&source=bl&ots=duNO93aMB_&sig=kLzUlirDstDWQOmtqjRHFlHktKo&hl=en&ei=-F8RS46dApS6MMql8DM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Frans%20van%20Dusseldorp%22%2C%20%22leicester%22&f=false</a></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref45" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xlv]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The correct term was actually “rector magnificus”. See Paul Hoftijzer, “Leiden Miracle”, p.89 online here</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://www.brill.nl/downloads/Brillin2007-EN-LeidenMiracle.pdf" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.brill.nl/downloads/Brillin2007-EN-LeidenMiracle.pdf</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn46" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref46" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xlvi]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“In the 1580s Lipsius was the intellectual glory of Leiden and all Holland.” Jonathan I. Israel,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall: 1477-1806</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p.575.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn47" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref47" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xlvii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">John Robinson’s request to move his church congregation of 100 from Amsterdam to Leiden is dated February 12, 1609. See a copy of the text here</span><a href="http://www.revjohnrobinson.com/pieterskerk2.htm" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.revjohnrobinson.com/pieterskerk2.htm</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn48" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref48" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xlviii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">John Robinson appears to have tired of the scandals, the sniping, and the dogmatic lack of charity in the Separatist Amsterdam Church. See Frederick James Powicke,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Henry Barrow, Separatist, 1550-1593 and The Exiled Church of Amsterdam, 1593-1622</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (London: James Clarke & Co., 1900), pp.278-279.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn49" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref49" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[xlix]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B. N. Leverland and J. D. Bangs,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Pilgrims in Leiden, 1609-1620</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Leiden: Leiden Pilgrim Documents Center of the Municipal Archives, no date). No page numbers in this brief text.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn50" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref50" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[l]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B. N. Leverland and J. D. Bangs,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Pilgrims in Leiden, 1609-1620</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Leiden: Leiden Pilgrim Documents Center of the Municipal Archives, no date). No page numbers in this brief text.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn51" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref51" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[li]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B. N. Leverland and J. D. Bangs,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Pilgrims in Leiden, 1609-1620</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Leiden: Leiden Pilgrim Documents Center of the Municipal Archives, no date). No page numbers in this brief text. Please also note that not only was Professor Polyander close to John Robinson he also apparently knew William Brewster well, since he has provided the preface for Proverbia on January 11, 1617 - one of the twenty books Brewster printed on the Pilgrim's Press at Leiden. See Rendell Harris and The Pilgrims' Press, (Cambridge: Heffner & Sons, 1922), p.48. Polyander (born in Gent) was also the professor - and "the chief preacher of the city' who reputedly asked John Robinson to publicly debate against the Arminian Episcopus in 1618. See William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647, (New York: McGraw Hill: 1981), Francis Murphy, ed., pp.21-22.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="_edn52" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref52" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" title=""><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[lii]</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B. N. Leverland and J. D. Bangs,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Pilgrims in Leiden, 1609-1620</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 6.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, (Leiden: Leiden Pilgrim Documents Center of the Municipal Archives, no date). No page numbers in this brief text.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An abridged version of this article appears in the Gazette van Detroit, November, 2013 edition. This article was originally published here </span></i><a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2009/11/flemish-influence-on-pilgrims-part-5.html">http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2009/11/flemish-influence-on-pilgrims-part-5.html</a> <i><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">in the Flemish American blog (</span></i><a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/"><i><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com</span></i></a><i><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) as “</span></i><a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2009/11/flemish-influence-on-pilgrims-part-5.html"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">The Flemish Influence on the Pilgrims – Part 5: The Flemish Influence on the American Holiday of Thanksgiving</span></a><i><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">”. Copyright 2009 and 2012 by David Baeckelandt. All rights reserved. No reproduction in any form allowed without my express, written permission.</span></i></span><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-68015499220463492272014-10-17T18:11:00.000-05:002014-10-17T18:16:51.667-05:00The Flemish Establishment of Nieuw Nederlandt<i>The 400th anniversary of the founding of New Netherland has just slipped by<span class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="ffd6a940-6c2e-4fa1-8d61-df50bfb92d2b" id="fb2d1e0d-b92b-44c9-ad3c-1960c29b326f">.</span>That said, 400 years and 5 days ago<span class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="ffd6a940-6c2e-4fa1-8d61-df50bfb92d2b" id="501229ea-8b67-47c3-b005-df87c13e2939">,</span>Nieuw Nederlandt was officially established. The four names in <b>bold</b> below were all "Zuid-Nederlanders". Members of the Lutheran congregation at Amsterdam, these immigrants from Antwerp were the first to act upon the news of Henry Hudson's 'discovery'. This post is intended to alert a wider audience to their accomplishment.</i><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">‘”The
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">States General of the United Netherlands
to all to whom these presents shall come, greeting. Whereas </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Gerrit</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">
Jacob </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Witsen</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">,
former burgomaster of the city of Amsterdam, Jonas </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Witsen</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> and
Simon </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"><span class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="74a81bff-72e8-4fbd-a04e-f93854cc09ef" id="435a5db0-6143-4913-911c-39425b937e18">Morissen</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">,
owners of the ship called the Little Fox (het </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"><span class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="74a81bff-72e8-4fbd-a04e-f93854cc09ef" id="c7b0dbe6-1d2d-4c22-a1db-8132705c2a7f">vosje</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">), Captain Jan <span class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="74a81bff-72e8-4fbd-a04e-f93854cc09ef" id="81f86637-f519-4f33-ae61-90ceae650b77">de</span> Witt, master; </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Hans </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Hongers</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">,
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Paul </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Pelgrom</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">,
and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Lambrecht</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">
van </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Tweenhuysen</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">,
owners of the two ships called the Tiger and the Fortune, Captains </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Adriaen</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">
Block and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Hendrick</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Christiaensen</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">, masters; </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Arnoudt</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> van </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Lybergen</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">, Wessel Schenk, Hans </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Claessen</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">,
and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Barent</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Sweetsen</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">,
owners of the ship </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Nightengale</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">, (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Nochtegael</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">), Capt. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"><span class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="4cf32494-df9d-45f5-9873-cc246f381cc2" id="e293738d-f2a7-4884-8994-e5c0086c6135">Thuys</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Volckertsen</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">, merchant in the city of Amsterdam,
master; and Pieter </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Clementsen</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Brouwer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">, Jan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Clementsen</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Kies</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">, and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Cornelis</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Volckertsen</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">, merchants in the city of Hoorn, owners
of the ship the Fortune, Capt. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Cornelis</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"> Jacobsen </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Mey</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">, master, have united into one company,
and have shown to Us, by their petition, that after great expenses and damages,
by loss of ships and other perils, during the present year, they, with the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">above named </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">five ships, have discovered certain new
lands, situated in America, between New France and Virginia, being the
seacoasts between 40 and 45 degrees of latitude, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">and now called New </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">Netherland</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;"><span class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="55c91c72-411f-457c-8514-04f5508ad970" id="39923519-593e-412d-9b06-2920de1f03f8">…</span>Given </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">at
the Hague, under our seal, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">paraph</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">, and the signature of our Secretary, on
the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: text1; mso-style-textfill-type: solid;">11th day of October, 1614.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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E.B. O’Callaghan, History of New Netherland,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pp<span class="GINGER_SOFTWARE_mark" ginger_software_uiphraseguid="3c572fb9-9609-4672-b24e-6718ae474cec" id="66c8a9e8-3d96-4071-8fd9-996fa640ba11">.</span>74-76</span></div>
Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-11237892169840520392014-08-16T22:36:00.000-05:002014-08-16T22:36:52.648-05:00Flemish Addresses in Detroit<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGOO5c_iKYf7PP26DhI5UG-aS1WvgES9a0r8lLW9A3LAuD6Wp_CzXaaoDrpL1FUHmgBZN-BmMcsf_Sw-DZRI1vD8mSkXmJSmQzjJ9FwtU6Eis_rP3IdLIcdY8Ov1MWtdsWuk6nQGGtofg/s1600/Flemish+Addresses+in+Detroit+001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGOO5c_iKYf7PP26DhI5UG-aS1WvgES9a0r8lLW9A3LAuD6Wp_CzXaaoDrpL1FUHmgBZN-BmMcsf_Sw-DZRI1vD8mSkXmJSmQzjJ9FwtU6Eis_rP3IdLIcdY8Ov1MWtdsWuk6nQGGtofg/s1600/Flemish+Addresses+in+Detroit+001.jpg" height="640" width="421" /></a></div>
<br />Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-39722346881711890232014-08-13T18:31:00.001-05:002014-08-13T18:31:44.128-05:00An Injustice Corrected<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWSTOzsEqE4HRNzQaX08uuKD7jy97jo4xx59IXuhDQXrEDB2Q5xP1IN-qD7fuzsWU9ji1cz2f6uVrOucoJjmD0-9mvqHsLUJcJDxkJIKsNe7Tww4qZ0ChKEenFaoYjWCAQT_cUZKggcss/s1600/CC+Gravesite+August+13+2014.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWSTOzsEqE4HRNzQaX08uuKD7jy97jo4xx59IXuhDQXrEDB2Q5xP1IN-qD7fuzsWU9ji1cz2f6uVrOucoJjmD0-9mvqHsLUJcJDxkJIKsNe7Tww4qZ0ChKEenFaoYjWCAQT_cUZKggcss/s1600/CC+Gravesite+August+13+2014.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Twenty years ago I read the below article by then Editor-in-Chief Father Karel Denys. I was simply a subscriber to the <a href="http://www.gazettevandetroit.com/history-of-the-gazette-van-detroit/">Gazette van Detroit</a>. I remember thinking at the time, "how sad that this great man has no gravestone to mark the place where his body rests." </i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Last year during the Annual Dinner, one of his descendants, Ms. Pat Cools Dorset, and I promised each other that we would correct this injustice. Today we have. Camille Cools' grave is now appropriately marked. </i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>At the same time, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorslede">Moorslede</a>, his birthplace, a street has been named in his honor. The foto at the bottom of this post is courtesy of Belgian Publishing Inc., Board of Directors Member Bruno Scheers. My heartfelt thanks to the Mayor and people of Moorslede!</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><b>"80 Years Ago - Camille Cools: printer, publisher, editor"</b></u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From the August 4, 1994 (Vol.80 No.16) Gazette, pp.1-2 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[NOTE: I have corrected some minor grammatical and syntax errors]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"After resigning as agent of the <i>Gazette van Moline</i> in
the beginning of 1912, Camille Cools opened a printing business in partnership
with Pieter Vinckier, in September of that year. The <i>Cools-Vinckier
Printing Co.</i> was later renamed <i>The Belgian Press</i>. At the
end of 1913 they printed a <i>Vermakelijken Almanak</i> ("Amusing
Almanac") of more than 100 pages for the year 1914. Unfortunately no copy
of it can be found.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"The time for publishing the first number of the <i>Gazette
van Detroit</i> on August 13 was most auspicious: German troops invaded
Belgium on August 4, 1914. The paper provided news from Belgium up to August 12
to the Flemish American communities, where many recent immigrants were greatly
concerned about the fate of the relatives and friends they left behind. Unfortunately,
except for the first number, no copies of the <i>Gazette van Detroit</i> before March 1916 have been found. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"Camille Cools found an excellent helper for the technical aspect
of the Gazette in Staf Vermeulen, a native of Izegem, where he had been the
best printer under Alois Strubbe until he emigrated to the U.S. in 1913.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"About the motto of the Gazette – <i>Het Licht voor ‘t Volk </i>– Camille Cools himself, in the August 4,
1916 edition wrote (under the title “The Large Distribution of the Gazette van
Detroit”): “Two years ago the terrible war broke out in Europe and the Germans
invaded Belgium and made our people suffer so much. Then the idea came up to
publish a newspaper that would give people <i>light
</i> about all that concerned the war and
mankind. This would be a paper that would inform the people about all the
things that our people had to endure and at the same time shed <i>light </i> on the deceptions that were perpetrated among
the Belgians in Detroit, who always and too often had to suffer for them…”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[p.2]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"One of Camille Cools’ good friends and collaborators was
Frank Cobbaert, a native of Nederhasselt in East Flanders. They were among the
first members of the Belgian-American Century Club – Cools as member No.1 –
founded in 1913. Cobbaert wrote that Cools had discussed his plans for a
newspaper with him and that he had asked Cools about the direction that the
newspaper would take. According to Cobbaert, Cools answered that his only goal
was the defense of the people against the interests of capital (!). That is when
Cobbaert pledged his support to the project. Cobbaert, a recent immigrant, was
well acquainted with the Daenist movement in Flanders [based upon the move for
justice to Flemish workers led by the Aalst native Fr. Adolf Daens]; that is,
if the eulogy Cobbaerts gave at Camille Cools’ funeral is any indication. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"Cobbaert, who succeeded Cools as Editor in October, 1916, wrote
many editorials in defense of Flemish workers. He was especially ardent in his
defense of the ‘beetwerkers’ (Flemish migrant workers employed in the sugar
beet fields of Ontario) who were being exploited. Staring with the January 5,
1917 edition, the <i>Gazette van Detroit</i>
masthead added an additional exhortation: <i>Het
Recht voor ‘t Volk </i>(“Justice for the People”).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"There was no <i>Gazette</i>
printed on Friday, September 29, 1916. The Belgian Community knew why: Camille
Cools had met with a sudden and untimely death at the age of 42. He was
survived by his wife, his two daughters, his parents, his five brothers and his
three sisters. His funeral was held at Our Lady of Sorrows Church on September
30<sup>th</sup>, and his body was interred at Mt. Olivet Cemetery in Detroit.
<i><b>There is no tombstone on his grave."</b></i></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Editorial note: today, August 13, 2014, there is indeed a gravestone to mark his rest. </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i>Copyright 2014 by David Baeckelandt. All rights reserved. No reproduction without my explicit, written permission. Thank you!</i></span></div>
Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-79178500022727121012014-08-10T14:03:00.001-05:002015-03-15T04:29:00.282-05:00Gazette van Detroit - 100 Years of Volunteers<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLjfOQvglIw30OmlBFr4zEW2GrrBruO6kZTqkhyphenhyphendAsLiKDrk5FqsQKtSFvMg3BhJbNQIS7TlBI9qKLbYfegzv1kszbgVPSYwIxMaTJgr1RHn0EtJtGD9ej3pxWAylkgEzC1r7ko98hvg0/s1600/GVD+100+yrs+M.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLjfOQvglIw30OmlBFr4zEW2GrrBruO6kZTqkhyphenhyphendAsLiKDrk5FqsQKtSFvMg3BhJbNQIS7TlBI9qKLbYfegzv1kszbgVPSYwIxMaTJgr1RHn0EtJtGD9ej3pxWAylkgEzC1r7ko98hvg0/s1600/GVD+100+yrs+M.png" height="52" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> <span style="font-size: x-small;">This week the <a href="http://www.gazettevandetroit.com/history-of-the-gazette-van-detroit/">Gazette van Detroit</a> reaches a milestone: 100 years since the first edition was published on August 13, 1914. Below I have included copies of the very first edition - a 'boterbladje' of four pages. This simple paper written in common (and often dialectal) Dutch, it is the chronicle of a people who have immigrated to North America, yet retain an affection for their ancestral homeland.</span></i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">But it would be a mistake to think that the Gazette van Detroit is only a newspaper or even an archive. Rather, it is an expression of a shared community. This community transcends Detroit: over the 100 years of its existence subscribers came from almost every state and province of the United States and Canada. Moreover, it would never have survived without the support of Flemings in Flanders. The common thread is our DNA and a recognition of the link between Flanders and the Flemish diaspora. </span></i></span><br />
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<i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 16pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Below I have attempted to list everyone who has and is involved with the Gazette van Detroit. The sources of this list is primarily from Karel
Meuleman's & Ludwig Vandenbussche's "Het Verhaal" which in turn
pulls the names from editions of the Gazette as well as from Arthur Verthe ("Vlamingen in
de Wereld") and Robert Houthaeve ("Camille Cools en zijn Gazette van
Detroit"). Supplementing this I went thru my own collection of Gazettes back
to the 1980s and pulled names. I also went thru online files of old newspapers
in Dutch and English who listed names of GvD correspondents as well as DBNL files. I have also reorganized these so they are alphabetical.</span></i><br />
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Editors/Owners/Publishers:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="309"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Camille Cools</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span lang="NL-BE">Original December 2, 1913 owners
were Camille Cools (President), Jules Vandenbussche (Vice President), Camille
De Buck (Secretary-Treasurer), George Callewaert (Controller), and Leo Leplae
(Editor)</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">1914-1916</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Owner, Printer, Editor-in-Chief</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="309"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Frank Cobbaert</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">1916-1922</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Editor-in-Chief<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="309"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span lang="NL-BE">Peter
Corteville</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span lang="NL-BE">1920-1966</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Owner, Printer</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="309"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Hortense Leplae</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">1922-1954</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Editor-in-Chief<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="309"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Godelieve Van Reybrouck</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">1954-1974</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Editor-in-Chief<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="309"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span lang="NL-BE">Richard L.
Corteville</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span lang="NL-BE">1966-1974</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Owner,
Printer</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="309"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span lang="NL-BE">The Belgian
Publishing Inc. whose investors were: Rene De Serrano, Leon Buyse, Robert
Devos, Richard Corteville, Maurice Sartrys, George Decraene, Albert
Vandenbergh Sr., Morris DeFour, Remi Van Ackere, Joe Van Hoet, Oscar
Hazebrouck, Henry Depoorter, Al Geldhof, Godelieve Van Reybrouck </span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span lang="NL-BE">1974-</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 248.05pt;" valign="top" width="496"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Owner(s),
Printer</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="309"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Leon Buyse</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">1974-1982</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 248.05pt;" valign="top" width="496"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Editor-in-Chief + Karel Denys
& Oscar Hazebrouck</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="309"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Karel Denys</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">1982-1997</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 248.05pt;" valign="top" width="496"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Editor-in-Chief (1982: + Oscar
Haezebrouck)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="309"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Gabriëlle Casteleyn</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">1997-2006</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 248.05pt;" valign="top" width="496"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Editor-in-Chief + Martha Vandenbergh
+ Margaret Roets</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="309"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Elisabeth Khan-Van den Hove</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><span lang="NL-BE">BPI becomes an official 501c3
non-profit organization</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">2006-2012</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 248.05pt;" valign="top" width="496"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Editor-in-Chief (2012: +Christine
Vaughan-Naert)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="309"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Wim Vanraes</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">2012-2013</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 248.05pt;" valign="top" width="496"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Editor-in-Chief (to April 18,
2013)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Interim
Editors</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">April 18, 2013 to the end of 2013</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 248.05pt;" valign="top" width="496"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Carine Christiaens Acks, Thomas
Lambert, Monique Vangrieken, Denice Schomer, Michel van Hee and Jeroen
Van Cauwelaert</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Carine
Christiaens Acks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Starting 1/1/14</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 248.05pt;" valign="top" width="496"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Editor-in-Chief printed version</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" valign="top" width="309"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Karen. A. DeCoster</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Starting 1/1/14</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 248.05pt;" valign="top" width="496"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Editor-in-Chief digital version</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Contributors of Articles From the Detroit Metro Area</b> (alphabetical):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Evarist Baetens (Water Street,
Detroit); </span>George Callewaert (Mt Elliot Ave-
Detroit); <span lang="NL-BE">Cy
Carels; </span>Charles Cools (Concord Ave- corner of
St.Paul, Detroit); <span lang="NL-BE">Agnes Czerwonka; Louis Danckaert; </span>John Debaets
(Jefferson Avenue, East-Detroit); <span lang="NL-BE">Angie DeCoster; </span>Victor De Ketelaere
(Mt Clemens, MI); <span lang="NL-BE">Jerry Deneweth; </span>Remi Dewilde (Gratiot Road, Detroit);
<span lang="NL-BE">Art Eckhout;
Etienne Elskens; Pat Fouchey; Ray Govaere; </span>Cheryl
Heckla; Norman Kay; Dorothy Lefief; Emma Mahieu ("Cheery
Chatter"); <span lang="NL-BE">Nathalie Padilla; Joseph Renier; </span>Margaret Roets-
Pattyn (Roseville); Dennis Pattyn; <span lang="NL-BE">Henri Sabbe; Constant Sorgeloos; Elizabeth A. Stevens;
Al VanDenBergh, Jr.; </span>Patricia VanDenBergh; August Van
Heck (Gratiot Road- Detroit); Alica VanLerberg McEndree; Cyril Verla
(West Detroit); Elsie Verstraete.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="NL-BE">US Contributors (outside of Detroit)</span></b><span lang="NL-BE"> alphabetical by state then
town:</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Carine
Christiaens Acks, David Baeckelandt, Marie Bousfield, Robrecht Fossez &
Diane Van Hoof (Chicago, IL); Omer Bonduelle & M. DE SMET
(East Moline, IL); </span>Louis De Keyser (Kewanee, IL);<span lang="NL-BE"> </span>Richard Smits (Moline, IL); <span lang="NL-BE"> </span>William Braeckelaere
(Mishawaka, IN); Albert Cashier (Shawnee, KS); Louis Paul Rabaut
(Louisville, KY); Patrick Cornelissen (Beverly, MA); Sandy Dhuyvetter (Emerald,
MI); Greg Heller-LaBelle (Allentown, PA); René Vanmulem (Rochester,
NY); <span lang="NL-BE"> Michel Van
Hee, Jeroen Van Cauwelaert & Monique Vangrieken (Dallas, TX); </span>Wim
Vanraes (NJ); <span lang="NL-BE">Jacqueline
Goossens & Jason-Louise Graham (New York City); Guido DeBoeck & </span>Thomas
Lambert (Washington, DC); Fr. Van Keymolen (Superior, WI); <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Contributors of
Unknown Location</b> but in the US:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Camille Alleene ; Marcel Alberic Defever; Cordula De
Vlieger; Egbert Hans in ‘Kroniek der Week’: and his brother
A.Hans; A. Godderis; Frank Lenssens; Erica Lutes; Leon Meersseman; Nancy VanOphem; JoAnne
Viviano.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="NL-BE">Contrbutors
in Canada</span></b><span lang="NL-BE"> (alphabetically
by province then by city):</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Karel
Geeraert (Calgary, AB); </span>Emiel Bogaert: (Bruxelles,
MB); Camiel De Buck (St. Boniface, MB); Andre Delbaere, Neil
Pryce, Koen Reynaert, & Doug Speirs (Winnipeg, MB); Lester
Bartson (NS); Judy Mendicino, Frank Van Raemdonck (Chatham, ON);
Constant Verschoore : Tobacco Growers around Delhi, Ontario under
the banner ‘Ons Volk in Canada’; Frank De Kort (Wallaceburg,
ON) Paul Vergeylen (Montréal- QC).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span lang="NL-BE">Contributors
in Belgium</span></b><span lang="NL-BE"> (alphabetical
by city):</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">André De
Ké (Aalter) under ‘Nieuws uit België’; Anna DeMuylder & Robrecht
Sierra and Bruno Scheers (Antwerp); </span>Paula Marckx (Berchem)’ Paula’s
Place’; Hans Robberechts (Brasschaat); <span lang="NL-BE">Rik Coolsaet & Janine Denis
(Brussels); </span> Annie Van Hee (Deerlijk); ‘Fine Arts’; Geert
Deceuninck (Hooglede); Bert Segier (Ieper); Edith Vervliet
(Knokke); <span lang="NL-BE">Ludwig
& Doreen Vandenbussche (Leke) ‘In Flanders Fields’; </span>Kim
Torfs (Lier); Kaitlin N. Loomis (Meerbeek); Harold De Bruyn & Maria
Keymolen (Ninove); André Bollaert (Nevele); Paul Callens
(Pittem); <span lang="NL-BE">Karel Meuleman
(Rijmenam) ‘Sprokkels uit de lage landen’; ‘Sports’; </span>M<span lang="NL-BE">arcel Supene ‘ Sport in ’t kort’;
René De Langhe ‘In en om Tielt’ en ‘Onder de halletoren’ (Tielt); Guy and
Leen (+) Cleymans- De Doncker (Zemst); Pieter De Backer (Zwijnaarde-
Stuttgart). Unknown Location: F.R. Boschvogel; Joost De Bleeckere; Wim De
Weerdt; Johan De Vriendt; Ernest & Willy Clarysse; Nina Daems; Emmy
Swerts; </span>Jozef Vandromme; Dominique L. Van Rentergem;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Siginificant Financial
Donors:</b> His Excellency Dr. G. Andre Bens; King
Baudouin Foundation U.S. (Jean-Paul Warmoes & Ellena Fotinatos); His
Excellency Herman Portocarero; Mr. Georges Picavet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Volunteers:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Marion Allemon : Volunteers Mailing Out & Annual
Dinner Volunteer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Paul Allemon : Volunteers Mailing Out & Annual
Dinner Volunteer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Diane Baier : Board Member & Annual Dinner Organizer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Walt Baier : Board Member<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Alberta Bauer: Volunteer Mailing Out<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Donn Brooks: Volunteer Mailing Out<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Marge Brooks: Volunteer Mailing Out<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Clyde Bender : Volunteer Mailing Out<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Rick Biggs, CPA: <i>pro bono </i>Tax Filing for BPI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Philippe Byosiere: Advisory Board
Member<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nina Daems: Advisory Board Member<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Patrick (Pat) Delaere : Volunteer Mailing Out<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Anna DeMuylder: Advisory Board Member<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Mareille
de Barry- Willkenson : </span>Annual Dinner Volunteer<br />
Aline De Serrano: Board Member and Donor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Ivan Dewilde : Created the Gazette website in March, 2007<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nancy Fisher: Annual Dinner Volunteer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Betty Ghesquiere: Proofreader.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Bob Joye: Volunteer Mailing Out
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Rika McGie (Lannoo): Annual Dinner Volunteer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nathalie Padilla : Translator- Volunteer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Denise Paulauskas- Opsommer : Proofreader
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Joe Samyn: Board Member<span style="color: #444444;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Denice Schomer (Destross):
Business Manager since 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Olivier Smekens: Board Member<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE" style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;">Richard Tanghe: </span><span style="color: #444444;">Annual
Dinner Volunteer and <i>pro bono</i> Accountant CPA <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Luc Van Braekel: Board Member &
Website Manager 2012 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Karl Van den Broeck: Board Member &
MC of Knokke-Heist Fundraiser<span style="color: #444444;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Jeroen Van Cauwelaert, Esq.: <i>pro bono </i>Legal Advice and Filings<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Paul Van Halteren: Honorary
Belgian Consul, Midwest<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="NL-BE" style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Irma Van Massenhove : Volunteer Mailing Out<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE" style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;">Matthew Steenkiste, </span><span style="color: #444444;">Esq.: <i>pro bono </i>Legal Advice and Filings &
Board Member<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Edith Vervliet: European
Editor & Fashion Editor<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE" style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;">Jan Vroman: Annual Dinner Volunteer </span><span style="color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="NL-BE" style="color: #444444; mso-ansi-language: NL-BE;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Vilma Vroman: Annual Dinner Volunteer <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Special Vendors:</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Dan
DeRoeck (web services)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Alex
Lumelsky (printing and Creator of 100th Anniversary Logo)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Notable Advisory
Board Volunteers: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Wouter Bossu; Mieke Cloet; Nina Daems; Anna DeMuylder; Sandy
Dhuyvetter; Dimitri Hoegaerts; Thomas Lambert;
Jan Offner; Bart Ryckbosch; Ellen Samyn; Bart Servais; Robrecht Sierra; Matthias Storme; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Het
Verhaal Translators: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Beatrice Blindeman; Caro Henauw; Jan
Offner; Arlette Querval; <span style="color: #444444;">Jeroen Van
Cauwelaert; </span><span lang="NL-BE">Michel Van
Hee; </span><span style="color: #444444;">Diane Van Hoof. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #444444;">Editor-in-Chief</span></b><span style="color: #444444;">: </span><span lang="NL-BE">Carine Christiaens Acks</span><span style="color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #444444;">The Board of Directors, August 13, 2014:</span></b><span style="color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">David Baeckelandt (President & Chairman of the Board)
– Chicago, IL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Evert De Bock <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Karen DeCoster <span style="color: #444444;">– Detroit*<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444;">Maureen Mahieu Kay – Detroit</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Johan (Joe) Mares - Chatham, ON, Canada**</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Karel Meuleman – Rijneman, Belgium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Margaret Pattyn-Roets <span style="color: #444444;">–
Detroit</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Bruno
Scheers – Kortrijk, Belgium</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dr. Bastiaan Vanacker –
Chicago</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Al VanDenBergh Jr. – Detroit
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444;">Pat VanDenBergh</span> <span style="color: #444444;">– Detroit</span><span lang="NL-BE"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Ludwig Vandenbussche
– Leke, Belgium</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">Michel
Van Hee – Dallas, TX</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">* Incoming Vice-President</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span lang="NL-BE">** Incoming President</span></span></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-32015779213770590012014-07-30T19:49:00.001-05:002014-07-31T06:56:00.390-05:00Een dichterlijke groet uit 't oude land - door Guido Gezelle<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5PcdXGegSLZp3dPiJD7zrVSN2RNUMyuGJtRktvEPZf9NNynZGI6f2r_7D6BeJ1pIdhqlLUKAJryNsSzq6ot2yJaRhux4fOd6nndG-3fy8EcwIiABOUp0Jx2JwSeQXidFQCm9JHAiU6W8/s1600/guido1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5PcdXGegSLZp3dPiJD7zrVSN2RNUMyuGJtRktvEPZf9NNynZGI6f2r_7D6BeJ1pIdhqlLUKAJryNsSzq6ot2yJaRhux4fOd6nndG-3fy8EcwIiABOUp0Jx2JwSeQXidFQCm9JHAiU6W8/s1600/guido1.gif" height="320" width="245" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><span class="">The Flemish immigrants who came to the U.S. in its largest wave - from 1890 to 1930 - were predominantly Catholic and West Flemish. </span><span class="">One of the formative figures at that time was the West Flemish priest, poet, and Flemish rights activist, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/"><span id="goog_721400258"></span>Guido Gezelle<span id="goog_721400259"></span></a> (1830-1899). With simple yet catchy ditties, this parish priest articulated common sense, religious faith, and the rights of the oppressed Flemish majority.</span></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><span class=""><br /></span></i></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><span class="">The below poem can be found in L.J. Veen's <u>Gelegenheidsgedichten</u> (Amsterdam, 1925), pp.104-105. The very loose translation is mine. It is intentionally structured to capture the cadence of Gezelle's meaning. Given as it was exactly 20 years prior to the day of the first edition of the Gazette van Detroit on August 13th, 1914, its importance to the history of the Flemish in America cannot be overstated.</span></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><span class=""><br /></span></i></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Voor eene Vlaamsche liefdadigheudskermis in de
Vlaamsch-Hollandsche Parochie van Detroit, Michigan, in Noord-Amerika.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Aug 13, 1894<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Gebroeders, verre in ‘t
westen weg,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Gedoogt dat ik goendag
ik zeg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Die ben gebleven<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Gezond in ‘t oude land
in ‘t vrije leven.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Ik dicht nog altemets
entwat,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">In onze tale, op dit en
dat;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">En kwam van dage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Te lezen onverwacht uw’
verzenvrage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Zoo haast heb ik de pen
gepakt,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Met int heur’ stalen bek
gewakt;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Ik zit al neere<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">En schrijve u, eerst van
al: ‘t is zomersch were.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">De Zonne in ‘t oosten,
wit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">En wolkenloos, te
blinken zit,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Laat onze boeren<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Hun versch gemaaide hooi
met vorken roeren.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Bij u is ‘t nacht: gij
slaapt wellicht,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Of wandelt onder ‘t
serrelicht:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Terwijl ik wake<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">En welgezind een
vlaamsch gedichtje u make.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">God vordere u
gebroeders! Sterk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">En klock begost aan ‘t
kerkewerk:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">‘t en zal niet baten<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Zoo lang gij ‘t onbegost
zuit liggen laten.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Die wel beginnt heft half
gedaan,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Dat vinde ik in de
boeken staan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Van alle streken,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Daar wijze lien gezonde
waarheid spreken.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Dus opgepast, en, doet
eikeen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Zijn duwken, zij dat
groot of kleen, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Na korte tijden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Zoo zuit ge u dankbaar
zien een kerke wijden.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Nu weg van hier, naar ‘t
verre land,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Mijn dichtje; en, aan
den overkant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Van ‘t breede water,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Eerbiedig groet ons volk
en zegt: tot later.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">A Poetic Greeting From
the Old Country<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">For a Flemish fundraiser for the Flemish-Dutch parish at Detroit,
Michigan in North America, August 13, 1894.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Brothers, far away in
the west,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Permit me to send you my
very best</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">From one safe and sound<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Back in the land you’ve
known.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br />
I’ve put pen to paper from time to time,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">To draft in our quaint tongue
a bit of rhyme;</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">So imagine my day’s
delight,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Your unexpected request
forthright.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Posthaste I grasp the pen
in grip,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">And wet with ink its
steely tip.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">To the desk I pulled my
chair near,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">And begin with, first of
all: “Summer’s here”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">The eastern sun is
blazing bright,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Amidst cloudless skies, shining
blue-white.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Which gives our farmers
here a day,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">To scythe and stack
fields of hay.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Where you live it’s now likely
night,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">And there you doze or
walk by starlight:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">While I for you with delight
compose<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">A Flemish poem, my words
in prose.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Godspeed my brothers!
Standfast!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Fear not as you do your
holy task!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">For how can you all profit
by,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Unharvested fields if
they so lie?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">“What’s well begun is
then half done”,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">‘Tis a saying said by
everyone, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Whether by good priest
or bad crook,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">‘Tis the same in every
town and in every book.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Thus come together one
and all,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Rich or poor, large and
small.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">For then in a blink of
your eyes,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Before you will your
church arise.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Now fly from here to
that distant land,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">My ditty, these words,
my comfort and.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Upon arrival please
salute and say:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">To all our folk, we’ll
meet some day!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
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Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-77595535484872078382014-01-19T18:53:00.001-06:002014-01-19T18:53:34.662-06:00The Achievements of the Flemings<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKoOcGQE802HWel_mYWNP9oT6YOQ0IO-hhH290EePZXaJhA3Ayc0S0bx-5jtbSw0GZAjKKgq_A5fLFAHziG18GOH8CgCpoH23xEZCYMNbcGe00lCWJuX7BLVn2JmtN-g84Z75gLNIRaxk/s1600/Flemings+Steaks+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKoOcGQE802HWel_mYWNP9oT6YOQ0IO-hhH290EePZXaJhA3Ayc0S0bx-5jtbSw0GZAjKKgq_A5fLFAHziG18GOH8CgCpoH23xEZCYMNbcGe00lCWJuX7BLVn2JmtN-g84Z75gLNIRaxk/s1600/Flemings+Steaks+2.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>On a recent flight from Vancouver to Chicago I sat next to the CEO of a London-based consulting firm. A Canadian woman with an advanced degree, she asked me the ethnicity of my surname. When she heard the term "Fleming", she responded: "so that is what you call yourselves."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>While hardly the response I would have hoped for, it reflects a broad ignorance of both the name and national origin. Had she been able to first peruse some London bookshops, she may have come up with a better line. In 1930 a diligent genealogist by the name of John Arnold Fleming sought to remedy this gap in human understanding with his two volume book, "<a href="http://www.unlockthepast.com.au/sites/default/files/samples/BRA001s.pdf" target="_blank">Flemish Influence in Britain</a>".</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>The book attempts to explain the history of the Flemish diaspora in the British Isles. While the author was not an historian, his work was pioneering. Fleming pointed out that those with <a href="http://surnames.behindthename.com/name/fleming" target="_blank">his surname</a> - and similar constructions such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemyng" target="_blank">Flemyng</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemming" target="_blank">Flemming</a>, Flanders, etc. - derived <a href="http://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=fleming" target="_blank">their name from immigrants who arrived from the Low Countries</a>.</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>A simple online search for <a href="http://www.whitepages.com/name/Fleming/NY-NY" target="_blank">New York</a>, <a href="http://www.whitepages.com/name/Fleming/Chicago-IL" target="_blank">Chicago</a>, <a href="http://search.whitepages.co.uk/search" target="_blank">London</a> and elsewhere in the English-speaking world reveals hundreds (if not thousands) of individual listings for the name "Fleming". These individuals carry in their name proof of their origins, yet are not recognized as such. Below I point out a few of the more prominent "Flemings".</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Impressive British Roots</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Because the appellation "Fleming" is an English-language term, it is in England and Scotland where we find the first examples and the largest numbers.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Although almost by definition the forefathers of these "Flemings" were common immigrants, some rose to high status.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJbkTyU8zcUnaflKX3_V4x-NXKX384rpyTcb5uB3XWqo0_vafKHjdrPtVni1Yh7rmjX31ANsPsRt_XZaiwWHN5MITKjgNbBZta6KqUtTrZPINEtr4b7GNnr6QP7O3VqvaHoXEk08uXWXc/s1600/Archbishop_Richard_Fleming.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJbkTyU8zcUnaflKX3_V4x-NXKX384rpyTcb5uB3XWqo0_vafKHjdrPtVni1Yh7rmjX31ANsPsRt_XZaiwWHN5MITKjgNbBZta6KqUtTrZPINEtr4b7GNnr6QP7O3VqvaHoXEk08uXWXc/s1600/Archbishop_Richard_Fleming.jpg" height="200" width="161" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Fleming" target="_blank">Richard Fleming</a></u> - Bishop and Founder of Lincoln College, Oxford (1385-1431) </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Fleming,_3rd_Lord_Fleming" target="_blank">Malcolm Fleming</a></u> - 3rd Lord Fleming and Lord Chamberlain (and son-in-law) to King Kames IV of Scotland (1494-1547)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Fleming" target="_blank">Mary Fleming</a></u> - daughter of Malcolm and lady-in-Waiting to Mary, Queen of Scots (1542-158?)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Later generations of British Flemings have gone on to recognition that is truly global:</span><br />
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<u style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming-bio.html" target="_blank">Alexander Fleming</a></u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> - scientist Nobel Prize winner, inventor of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">penicillin</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> the world's first and most widely used antibiotic (1881-1955) </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://www.ianfleming.com/" target="_blank">Ian Fleming</a></u> - author "James Bond" series (1908-1964) </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd22NFNtdHuEbXWTMW4D0RGQ7TOQBBJfpBP69DyIPR5zV0qryzSdU8kFpfzYnfnlzn5K16xrrVF44IetpkFWCci1n7ruZRE2uD7efs-ddJy5pO8cLaa2KGIs1d26LY0GnVs96y3yXVUdY/s1600/NOVELIanFleming.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd22NFNtdHuEbXWTMW4D0RGQ7TOQBBJfpBP69DyIPR5zV0qryzSdU8kFpfzYnfnlzn5K16xrrVF44IetpkFWCci1n7ruZRE2uD7efs-ddJy5pO8cLaa2KGIs1d26LY0GnVs96y3yXVUdY/s1600/NOVELIanFleming.jpg" height="75" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Fleming" target="_blank">Matthew Fleming</a></u> - Ian's nephew and Chairman of the Professional Cricketers' Assoc.(1964-)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Fleming" target="_blank">Colin Fleming</a></u> - Tennis player ranked 26th in the world ()</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As well as too many Scottish (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Fleming" target="_blank">Bernard</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Fleming" target="_blank">Charlie</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Fleming" target="_blank">Derek</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Fleming" target="_blank">Greg</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Fleming_(footballer)" target="_blank">Jim</a> & <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Fleming_(footballer_born_1903)" target="_blank">Jimmy</a>), English (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Fleming" target="_blank">Craig</a>, & <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Fleming" target="_blank">Terry</a>) and Irish (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Fleming" target="_blank">Curtis</a> & <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Fleming" target="_blank">Gary</a>) footballers to mention!</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Quintessential Americans</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Americans have also had one 'footballer' - called soccer here - who was a Fleming (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Fleming_(soccer)" target="_blank">Tommy</a>) but he was born in Scotland. However, the quintessential American sports of baseball, basketball and American football have also seen Fleming athletes and Olympians. Beyond sports, Flemings have also earned a World War II Medal of Honor and a Miss America award. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0j9ZrWksTVYwsLZq6TxheRphzCgdSjZYwqCXVK21hIe7o_zyMGnbzpp7GzLKQz-K-wXa9cxqQ4gUXy1unES3zEA78bYd5WaGajA4u4tR0JakoG_DsXGLQiKErDfXh6_rgeMaaJprS1vo/s1600/Capt+Richard+A+Fleming+Medal+of+Honor+Midway.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0j9ZrWksTVYwsLZq6TxheRphzCgdSjZYwqCXVK21hIe7o_zyMGnbzpp7GzLKQz-K-wXa9cxqQ4gUXy1unES3zEA78bYd5WaGajA4u4tR0JakoG_DsXGLQiKErDfXh6_rgeMaaJprS1vo/s1600/Capt+Richard+A+Fleming+Medal+of+Honor+Midway.jpg" height="200" width="151" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/pers-us/uspers-f/r-flming.htm" target="_blank">Captain Richard E. Fleming</a></u> - Medal of Honor Recipient (1917-1942) </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Fleming_(American_football)" target="_blank">Don Fleming</a></u> - NFL Cleveland Browns Defensive Back (1937-1963)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vern_Fleming" target="_blank">Vern Fleming</a></u> - Olympian and NBA point guard (1962-)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Fleming" target="_blank">Dave Fleming</a></u> - MLB pitcher for the Seattle Mariners (1969-)</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWHCWRB2nC35AwtlYYl4CGL2oJXzRWBnB3VJGctXeJ4LXyqfmZCz6xhXZsI5cEMXGk5_tapdT-nqA6T-YCCLp1Y9-347jyj_OIXKDUwZbO_bMKjzSUgSuKbx7faDylEqA1X7FzkTTg5u0/s1600/Nancy+Fleming+Ms+America+1961.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWHCWRB2nC35AwtlYYl4CGL2oJXzRWBnB3VJGctXeJ4LXyqfmZCz6xhXZsI5cEMXGk5_tapdT-nqA6T-YCCLp1Y9-347jyj_OIXKDUwZbO_bMKjzSUgSuKbx7faDylEqA1X7FzkTTg5u0/s1600/Nancy+Fleming+Ms+America+1961.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://www.missamerica.org/our-miss-americas/1960/1961.aspx" target="_blank">Nancy Fleming</a></u> - Ms America 1961 (1942- ) </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fl/peggy-fleming-1.html" target="_blank">Peggy Fleming</a></u> - Olympic Gold Medal ice skater (1948-)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lest others think this is not a melting pot, even a Native American mayor and an African-American politician carry the name...</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB0FxmE6_OMIS_IuGvoE-NOPQtDTU67wfoDBsZoHZZUrzLQ1gH81LStnC61FtOAaJ9bPs3vbo9IZJAsRpFxUBA1-N8xcxAYJo0WOeN4JRCQI-bTjvMcQYlN8CEGKvHPnBvFB_35k8aJHo/s1600/Elaine-Fleming-Snow-Shoeing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB0FxmE6_OMIS_IuGvoE-NOPQtDTU67wfoDBsZoHZZUrzLQ1gH81LStnC61FtOAaJ9bPs3vbo9IZJAsRpFxUBA1-N8xcxAYJo0WOeN4JRCQI-bTjvMcQYlN8CEGKvHPnBvFB_35k8aJHo/s1600/Elaine-Fleming-Snow-Shoeing.jpg" height="200" width="128" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://www.kojb.org/llHistory.html" target="_blank">Elaine Fleming</a></u> - Native American mayor (?-present) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_R._Fleming" target="_blank">Erik R. Fleming</a></u> - African-American representative (1965-) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Anglo-Saxon Notables</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It was not just in the U.S. that Flemings in the diaspora made their mark. Throughout the Commonwealth - Canada, Australia, and New Zealand - Flemings have left a mark. In case you're wondering why Flemings seem to gravitate toward cricket, it might be because it was <a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1158291/Cricket-world-hit-Australian-academic-claims-game-invented-BELGIAN-weavers.html" target="_blank">invented by Flemings</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">!</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivCx95WTRCDt0No5tJkAfxF3kNb3BQz8pXTPGtw_RKM0y-Ecr501XqSCUPQ9iz-16lY5tfaINjj3MZXRMKsYbjt4ZWk1n8H7X_W-Up7MoFvqtLyBI4NfN8qgyCorBieQLPSKUYM9kwVjQ/s1600/Canadian-ReggieFleming_07.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivCx95WTRCDt0No5tJkAfxF3kNb3BQz8pXTPGtw_RKM0y-Ecr501XqSCUPQ9iz-16lY5tfaINjj3MZXRMKsYbjt4ZWk1n8H7X_W-Up7MoFvqtLyBI4NfN8qgyCorBieQLPSKUYM9kwVjQ/s1600/Canadian-ReggieFleming_07.jpg" height="200" width="133" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reg_Fleming" target="_blank">Reg Fleming</a></u> - a Canadian NHL player for American and Canadian hockey teams (1936-2009)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=5b04fb13-968f-4dac-80f6-3b569378e120&Language=E&Section=ALL" target="_blank">Donald Fleming, MP</a></u> - Canadian member of Parliament for 17 years (1905-1986) </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Fleming" target="_blank">Damien Fleming</a></u> - Top Australian cricketeer known as "Flemo" (1970-)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fleming" target="_blank">Stephen Fleming</a></u> - Captain of the New Zealand national cricket team (1973-)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osbourne_Fleming">Osbourne Fleming</a></u> - Chief Minister of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla">Anguilla</a> (1940-)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Beyond the Commonwealth</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The "Fleming" diaspora - like that of the broader diaspora of those of us with other Flemish surnames - has never been limited to the English-speaking world. Prominent "Flemings" have surfaced in Scandinavia, Latin America, and continental Europe.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Fleming" target="_blank">Hendryk Fleming</a></u> - Late 13th century Polish bishop (?-1300) </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://www.senat.fr/senateur/fleming_louis_constant08023r.html" target="_blank">Louis-Constant Fleming</a></u> - French <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement" target="_blank">UMP</a> Senator for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin_(France)" target="_blank">Saint Martin</a> near Anguilla (1946-) </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fl/rudymar-fleming-1.html" target="_blank">Rudymar Fleming</a></u> - Venezuelan Silver Medalist in Judo at 2003 Pan-American Games (1980-)</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg7iN0wVVR6iLSwyHZXMwbECkAVs9OEIBV0rFG0OyRU-Eo6xBY6M8jIbSw7X-ajAoWhE5wCJf9QuJX9rksuZgDbFrD8pIy8o76joFPR3jk41aXDpJa0ptmKTE3P2AtjvDtukHjClUCI4g/s1600/450px-Ciaran_Fleming.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg7iN0wVVR6iLSwyHZXMwbECkAVs9OEIBV0rFG0OyRU-Eo6xBY6M8jIbSw7X-ajAoWhE5wCJf9QuJX9rksuZgDbFrD8pIy8o76joFPR3jk41aXDpJa0ptmKTE3P2AtjvDtukHjClUCI4g/s1600/450px-Ciaran_Fleming.jpg" height="200" width="150" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieran_Fleming">Kieran Fleming</a></u> - Irish Republican fighter who died fighting the British (1959-1984)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Surprisingly, neither of the Fleming historians (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._F._Fleming">D.F.</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Elizabeth_Fleming">Katherine</a>) seemed interested in researching the Flemings. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyP1nT6XDnCGeqizkAQqsX80RP4g3LtHTX4EBUcE5PzPgJdFqMhw3q6MA3yFMihWYF3ZIb0vpo6mtoowses4jW28JN8mo3qk80EkTndreX_Qz86aILnrDTvFF-BLKr2NK5fvSAVH_QImw/s1600/Flemish+Influence+in+Britain+JA+Arnold.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyP1nT6XDnCGeqizkAQqsX80RP4g3LtHTX4EBUcE5PzPgJdFqMhw3q6MA3yFMihWYF3ZIb0vpo6mtoowses4jW28JN8mo3qk80EkTndreX_Qz86aILnrDTvFF-BLKr2NK5fvSAVH_QImw/s1600/Flemish+Influence+in+Britain+JA+Arnold.jpg" height="242" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The above is only a snippet of what the Flemings, Flemmings, Flemyngs, Flanders, and similarly named have accomplished. If you are interested in a deeper dive, check out John Arnold Fleming's book - or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleming_(surname)">look them up on Wikipedia</a>! </span><br />
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Copyright 2014 by David Baeckelandt. All rights reserved. No reproduction permitted without my express, written, consent.</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span>Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-82838916992504183322013-12-16T17:27:00.001-06:002014-01-02T17:42:02.680-06:00Flemish Contributions to Columbus’ “Discovery” of America – Part 3<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4bPKKwOn3FbRS1MEACuZsQ1T7W4rZ9ViEp8Vh83Z2naqSr0ds2otW0QOWEFdM-Qm8iNonftk-4XXVJ2f6738jNfOdRQKMm7sg64Dqwg9bHs0OagyubA5nuaLBZPd6QLm5Qg6Ebd0w2-E/s1600/Fishmonger.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4bPKKwOn3FbRS1MEACuZsQ1T7W4rZ9ViEp8Vh83Z2naqSr0ds2otW0QOWEFdM-Qm8iNonftk-4XXVJ2f6738jNfOdRQKMm7sg64Dqwg9bHs0OagyubA5nuaLBZPd6QLm5Qg6Ebd0w2-E/s400/Fishmonger.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The fishmonger in 16th century Flanders</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><span lang="NL">Today I am in Halifax, Nova Scotia on business
(nothing to do with Flanders unfortunately). This is a place with an unshakable
dependence on the sea and whose history is intimately tied into fishing. </span>Flanders,
a maritime nation, played a role in Europe’s seaborne history. Flemish
expertise at maritime navigation – and the Flemish innovations that arose as a
result – made a direct contribution to Columbus’ ability to ‘discover’ the New
World.</i> <i><span lang="NL">It is therefore appropriate that I continue my
series (please see <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.ca/2008/10/flemish-contributions-to-columbus.html" target="_blank">Part 1</a> </span></i><i> <span lang="NL">and <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.ca/2013/12/flemish-contributions-to-columbus.html" target="_blank">Part 2</a> </span></i><i><span lang="NL">) with a reference to Columbus’ reliance on Flemish nautical innovations.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzCE6RfL_1oxabsH2uzY1smTUdCSodLWTMJC-UhyphenhyphenPXpSUJzmP8_GYTZDREbH_SKewdKd8fFfEiSXZv-8T4xCYAnKO3JPUvt2pgOiAYRZjb0FTm2CYp2nbf_ca18KcJzr_WnbDfRrFOJ0A/s1600/Fishing+Ships+off+Newfoundland.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzCE6RfL_1oxabsH2uzY1smTUdCSodLWTMJC-UhyphenhyphenPXpSUJzmP8_GYTZDREbH_SKewdKd8fFfEiSXZv-8T4xCYAnKO3JPUvt2pgOiAYRZjb0FTm2CYp2nbf_ca18KcJzr_WnbDfRrFOJ0A/s320/Fishing+Ships+off+Newfoundland.jpg" width="275" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">16th century European fishermen off of newfoundland</td></tr>
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<u><span lang="NL"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fish and
Flemings<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As historian David B. Quinn has demonstrated, it is likely
that Columbus sailed to Iceland and fished for cod.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
In two places (his son’s biography and Columbus’ own annotations on the world
map printed at Leuven) Columbus noted the corpses of two Inuit he saw washed
ashore on the Irish coast, perhaps in the year 1477.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The sight of their Asian features helped convince him Asia was not far off.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The amalgamation of these experiences –
codfishing, proximity to northern fishing grounds, and the essential skills
involved in navigating such waters – had an impact on Columbus’ calculations
for the journey from Europe to Japan.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="NL"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Beginning in the
late Middle Ages meatless fast days occupied large swathes of Catholic Europe’s
calendar – in some jurisdictions as many as 135 days of the year.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
As the number of feast days expanded and populations recovered following the
late 14th century bubonic plague of the “Black Death” (which curiously enough,
originated in Asia) hit Flanders in 1349, courtesy of an Italian merchant ship,
traditional fishing tools and methods were found inadequate. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="NL"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Coastal regions,
of course, could supply their own needs. But inland regions – especially in the
warmer lands surrounding the Mediterranean were faced with not only the need to
supplant meat but also the diffculty of spoilage. Consequently, sometime around
1350, Willem Beuckelszoon of Biervliet (then recognized as part of Flanders;
today part of Zeeuws Flanders in the Netherlands) is credited with creating a
tool to simplify the cleaning process for fish.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKQqFkP861lXcrb8EnhC8FhsjW2ZfZSyuw3dh1BqdSQh_CWce8R_VasStiKVXWBfBOvtTQx8s_QWVoYC4RhvzbtfTjtDdMF5jCZzcO4Ky7Z7U9UNTbm7SRUrmiBmHHrO0bHXIJri1Ojbo/s1600/Codfish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKQqFkP861lXcrb8EnhC8FhsjW2ZfZSyuw3dh1BqdSQh_CWce8R_VasStiKVXWBfBOvtTQx8s_QWVoYC4RhvzbtfTjtDdMF5jCZzcO4Ky7Z7U9UNTbm7SRUrmiBmHHrO0bHXIJri1Ojbo/s320/Codfish.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Codfish in the North Atlantic</td></tr>
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<span lang="NL"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But herring – which for which the ‘herring jaws’ were invented – is a fish
which must be eaten within a few days of capture, otherwise it spoils.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Fortunately, God created cod.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="NL"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cod were a
perfect solution to the problem of growing populations and unchanged resources. </span></span></div>
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<span lang="NL"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Found in vast schools across the North Atlantic<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
codfish are high in protein and low in fat (which means that they can be dried
and stored for years without becoming rancid).<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Perhaps equally important in the success of the cod, it tastes better than
other salted fish.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Far-roaming (one tagged in the North Sea was later caught 3200 kilometers away,
off of Newfoundland),<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
cod tend to move parallel to coastlines and in waters of 120 feet or less.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Cod became the food for the common man in late medieval Europe.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhssc6FfGbsAs9v67j1wAPoutPkYH_OwmVqNEkfV9oiU3rCRshvXLBFcxgA-ZvAxBvcqWxudcm6WawTnmkBv_0YLHPdYAAbpZn74tgcEJZvs7uMQX6BaBsKYzdOEeqr6Su36SA_Y167y8U/s1600/Flemish+Cap.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhssc6FfGbsAs9v67j1wAPoutPkYH_OwmVqNEkfV9oiU3rCRshvXLBFcxgA-ZvAxBvcqWxudcm6WawTnmkBv_0YLHPdYAAbpZn74tgcEJZvs7uMQX6BaBsKYzdOEeqr6Su36SA_Y167y8U/s400/Flemish+Cap.gif" width="312" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Flemish Cap, off of the Grand Banks near Newfoundland</td></tr>
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<span lang="NL"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">While the Flemish may not have pioneered North
Atlantic cod fishing, they were certainly involved. Hints of the Flemish
importance appear in terminology surrounding cod fishing. Thus, the newly
designed lines for catching mass numbers of fish included a “Flemish eye” or
knot.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
And the nearest point to Europe off of the Grand Banks, the place where the cod
were caught off the Newfoundland coast, was (and still is) called the “Flemish
Cap”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
So perhaps it is no surprise that throughout Europe – and especially in
southern Europe, where demand was great<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
– the term used for cod, ‘bacalos’, is, incidentally, derived from the Flemish
term ‘bakkelauw’.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="NL">Writing about the
year 1450, Gilles le Bouvier noted that Icelandic</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn18" name="_ednref18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span lang="NL"> ‘stocphis’ – what the English called
‘stockfish’<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn19" name="_ednref19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> and
what we today call ‘cod’ – was brought directly to the marketplaces in Bruges
and Antwerp.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn20" name="_ednref20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
vessels fishermen used to catch the cod were called the “Flemish buss”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn21" name="_ednref21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLTRUH19nF6CG3p2PEAH1NIKkIIkSCEF3pd4LbRSLu1oKWebJae-BTQ9BC7rMGIZ8xO4R5Qc8KPYUDI4AEmOZaDwXBBKlMqctzj8lMtw-hcmWFhwQZQx4zad5VU2q73kR83dgAefe1wGQ/s1600/Flemish+Buss.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLTRUH19nF6CG3p2PEAH1NIKkIIkSCEF3pd4LbRSLu1oKWebJae-BTQ9BC7rMGIZ8xO4R5Qc8KPYUDI4AEmOZaDwXBBKlMqctzj8lMtw-hcmWFhwQZQx4zad5VU2q73kR83dgAefe1wGQ/s1600/Flemish+Buss.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A Flemish buss</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="NL">Maritime power
can be projected far beyond the home port. </span>Throughout the 13th century
(and likely into the 14<sup>th</sup> century as well), the Flemish, from <span lang="NL">at least 37 Flemish ports,<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn22" name="_ednref22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
dominated sea traffic into and around the British Isles.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn23" name="_ednref23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
This practical presence led to ritual recognition. A noted authority on flags
points out that </span>“The first flags identifying nationality were used at
sea. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH0fmuk79Qz-fkf5J-YzpyGdp-eAqmFqw5ekyCxl-dReeNpdFT5wWWqhJHJmzXNnDzaHlxpoEvyO0gYZzo-58ONsPqmWk1j2HwtMJqiYe1m0pB2M3NAgVfg8DWg6Hy8NAeDpYsRF_9qpw/s1600/Vlaamse+Leeuw+Shield.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH0fmuk79Qz-fkf5J-YzpyGdp-eAqmFqw5ekyCxl-dReeNpdFT5wWWqhJHJmzXNnDzaHlxpoEvyO0gYZzo-58ONsPqmWk1j2HwtMJqiYe1m0pB2M3NAgVfg8DWg6Hy8NAeDpYsRF_9qpw/s1600/Vlaamse+Leeuw+Shield.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The oldest international legal obligation on record for ships to display
flags as identification was agreed by King Edward I of England and Guy, Count
of Flanders, in 1297.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn24" name="_ednref24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<span lang="NL"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="NL">None of this
proves that the Flemish had first crack at the cod. But it suggests a source
for Flemish mastery of maritime mysteries. </span>“The use of the initials of
the Frankish names of the winds – N, NNE, NE, etc. – on compass cards, seems to
have arisen with Flemish navigators, but was early [1400s] adopted by the
Portuguese and Spanish.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn25" name="_ednref25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<span lang="NL">Parenthetically, the lodestone
attached to the compass rose used to navigate was called the ‘Flemish </span>needle’.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn26" name="_ednref26" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiltlmhSvMQjrXuRy1Nu42Mxey3UP_ve8YgsvxHecoCx0M5skRIWk19FKDquJOZFyP5uZVF-rn1ePbPJhMD1ebu4-w77TRGSWO1o81iPOyme_ehLGJ_4iHpgPa1E6kgB9Z_jF_JQQaOzSc/s1600/Compass+Rose+w+Vlaams.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="367" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiltlmhSvMQjrXuRy1Nu42Mxey3UP_ve8YgsvxHecoCx0M5skRIWk19FKDquJOZFyP5uZVF-rn1ePbPJhMD1ebu4-w77TRGSWO1o81iPOyme_ehLGJ_4iHpgPa1E6kgB9Z_jF_JQQaOzSc/s400/Compass+Rose+w+Vlaams.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“Northern Europeans, particularly
the Flemish, were not so casual [about navigation]. They not only wrote
about these irregularities but published charts with true sets of losscodrones;
one set for Italian compasses and one for Flemish compasses. The Flemish compass lines gave the correct
variation.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn27" name="_ednref27" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
As cited elsewhere, Columbus intentionally used both to navigate across the
Atlantic. <span lang="NL">Even as late as the 1600s
the Portuguese and Spaniards – credited with many of Europes’ overseas
conquests during this era – used and adapted Flemish nautical terms.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn28" name="_ednref28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">William Caxton (who spent decades living in Flanders and
imported the first English printing presses from Bruges), wrote about the
Flemish mariners from a near-coastal point in the 1470s. “The Flemings are mighty, fierce
fighters …they engage in trading,
especially the wool-trade; they are very ready to risk adventure and danger by
sea and by land for the sake of great profit; …they engage in deeds of
arms as the occasion demands…They
discern reliably what is done in distant lands,<b> </b>signs of peace or
war, the state of the realm…”<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn29" name="_ednref29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Given Caxton’s long association with Flanders such an observation carries heft.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="NL">Flemish expertise
was recognized by practitioners. </span>Describing the half-century after
Columbus, one American writer declared that “the Flemish mariner was
distinguished for the intrepid spirit with which he pushed his voyages into
distant and unknown seas.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn30" name="_ednref30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Columbus’ own codfishing experiences off the coast of Iceland, then, relied in
part – whether overtly acknowledged or not – upon traditions and innovations
linked to Flanders. </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGE5YwFaRaXBH6g-WnocZRNDCW2EV2I3AGxPwYswQ-M-4wTvn6x8nn2Jpq6TjS1YU7iW2iLi-RQFDDRVtv0VwyCu_IU90cAevPn8jDz6hSh2m0hmhPxrn1-aQcwqyx5l9roDhDDYVhh-E/s1600/Columbus+Flemish+Rose.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGE5YwFaRaXBH6g-WnocZRNDCW2EV2I3AGxPwYswQ-M-4wTvn6x8nn2Jpq6TjS1YU7iW2iLi-RQFDDRVtv0VwyCu_IU90cAevPn8jDz6hSh2m0hmhPxrn1-aQcwqyx5l9roDhDDYVhh-E/s320/Columbus+Flemish+Rose.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Columbus' compass rose</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">During his first voyage to the New World, Columbus utilized
the ‘Flemish <span lang="NL">needle’<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn31" name="_ednref31" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span lang="NL"> </span>as a more reliable guide to ‘true north’. Like other Iberian
seafarers he adopted the Flemish-language ‘compass rose’ as a time-and-distance
navigational tool.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn32" name="_ednref32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
In an attempt to prepare for what to expect when he landed in Cathay, Columbus
carried a copy of Marco Polo’s travelogue. Heavily annotated (it is still
extant), it was actually printed in Antwerp, in 1485.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn33" name="_ednref33" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
All of these were helpful; none were essential. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Maps, for sea travel, are critical. The annotated world map
in Columbus’ hands as he strode on the deck of the Santa Maria was printed at
Leuven.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn34" name="_ednref34" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
This is of greater importance than it seems. </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_E_5Bt70h0msGeWwvyRRIM65Lz4YX2sJOnRq9iOPqdeaoic5wv8rc0eHFopesxCbiKKKCokLF-SVhbMnnUqOQCDNpHq9M42VzLENnIi8fWlY9b4RwDzKXLeaDENZszNpzst3sQthTmuA/s1600/Pierre+d'Aillys+world+map+from+Leuven.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_E_5Bt70h0msGeWwvyRRIM65Lz4YX2sJOnRq9iOPqdeaoic5wv8rc0eHFopesxCbiKKKCokLF-SVhbMnnUqOQCDNpHq9M42VzLENnIi8fWlY9b4RwDzKXLeaDENZszNpzst3sQthTmuA/s320/Pierre+d'Aillys+world+map+from+Leuven.jpg" width="252" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pierre d'Ailly's map printed at Leuven</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From 1472 until 1500 there were 222 maps printed. Of this
total, 154 were printed in Italy (and 1 each in Spain and Leuven). To offer
another perspective, of the 30,000 books printed in the 15<sup>th</sup>
century, 56 contained maps.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn35" name="_ednref35" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Yet, among all the varied and different Italian and Portuguese maps available
to this man – brother of a cartographer, no less – Columbus selected the
Leuven-printed map as his guide to the New World.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_edn36" name="_ednref36" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>My next post will credit the Flemish precursors that he
himself acknowledged – and his Flemish seamates and relatives that he did not
acknowledge.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBYKa-y-X_LBJq6qhFj5WDSD1hzGlCGw-ElPGMH9I5jlFLa9rT8scUFXSNUJnyKpa-xYmJJn04L8_HTKNJEHaNKXZE5etGvrOwBgc9rFIzPqL-BwLHbEGRAlrh3NR0ifLwl78Mop1i2rs/s1600/Pierre+d%2527Ailly+Columbus+page+from+Mundi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBYKa-y-X_LBJq6qhFj5WDSD1hzGlCGw-ElPGMH9I5jlFLa9rT8scUFXSNUJnyKpa-xYmJJn04L8_HTKNJEHaNKXZE5etGvrOwBgc9rFIzPqL-BwLHbEGRAlrh3NR0ifLwl78Mop1i2rs/s320/Pierre+d%2527Ailly+Columbus+page+from+Mundi.jpg" width="233" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A page from Pierre d'Ailly's book printed at Leuven. The notes in the margin are Columbus' handwriting</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Endnotes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<br />
<div id="edn1">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
David Beers Quinn, <u>England and the Discovery of America, 1481-1620</u>, (New
York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), pp.71, 105. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The Leuven-printed map was included in a book called the <u>Imago Mundi</u>.
“The <i>Imago Mundi</i> of Pierre d’Ailly is
claimed to have been practically the sole source from which Columbus obtained
the ideas behind his project of discovery. The marginal notes on the Columbina
Library copy of the <i>Imago Mundi </i>are
supposed to reveal the steps in the formation of his plans.” George E. Nunn,
“The Imago Mundi and Columbus,”pp.646-661, in <u>The American Historical Review</u>,
Vol. 40, No.4, July, 1935; published by Oxford University Press, p.646. Stable URL: <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1842417">http://www.jstor.org/stable/1842417</a> . Accessed: 20/10/2013</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EDEDED; mso-line-height-alt: 8.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> “His [Columbus’] visit to Galway is attested
in his own hand in a marginal note on his copy of Pierre d’Ailly’s <i>Imago Mundi</i>, which still survives. In
translation it reads: ‘Men of Cathay have come from the west. [Of this] we have
seen many signs. And especially in Galway in Ireland, a man and a woman, of
extraordinary appearance, have come to land on two tree trunks [or timbers? Or
a boat made of such?]’.” </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">David B. Quinn, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">“Columbus and the North: England, Iceland, and
Ireland” in<b> </b></span><cite><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The
William and Mary Quarterly</span></cite><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br />
Third Series, Vol. 49, No. 2 (Apr., 1992), pp. 278-297. Published by:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=omohundro"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture</span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Article Stable URL:</span><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2947273"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://www.jstor.org/stable/2947273</span></a>, p.284<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Surprisingly, given Columbus’ preoccupation with the place, “Japan first appeared on a Western manuscript
map in 1459 – on Fra Mauro’s map of the world – and it began to appear on
printed maps in 1506. Until the middle of the sixteenth century, with the
arrival of the first Europeans in Japan, its depiction was based solely on the
mention in Marco Polo. Hence the various shapes [on maps] were purely the
result of fantasy.” Walter Lutz, ed., <u>Japan, A Cartographic Vision: European
Printed Maps from the Early 16<sup>th</sup> to the 19<sup>th</sup> Century</u>,
Steven Lindberg, trans., (Munich: Prestel-Verlag, 1994), Plate 1, p.93
(unnumbered).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> “The introduction of Christianity
had an impact on the European diet…[meat] could be prohibited for up to 135 days
during the year…the usual alternative was fish.” J.Wubs-Mrozewicz, <b><span style="background: white; color: #002f2f;">“</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #002f2f;">
Fish, stock and barrel: Changes in the stockfish trade in northern Europe, c.
1360-1560”,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b><i>in</i></b>:
Sicking, L.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>et al.</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(Ed.) (2009).<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><u>Beyond the Catch: Fisheries of the North Atlantic, the North Sea and
the Baltic, 900-1850. (The Northern World)</u><i> North Europe and the
Baltic c. 400-1700 A.D. Peoples, Economies and Cultures,</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>41: pp. 187-208</span> p.188 <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
There appears to be few references to Beuckelszoon in English (a NYT article here: <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9907E4DB1E30E533A25755C2A96F9C94679FD7CF">http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9907E4DB1E30E533A25755C2A96F9C94679FD7CF</a> )– and almost none in Dutch (neither in the <u>Kroniek
van Belgie</u>, <u>De Geschiednis van de Nederlandsche Stam</u>, nor in the <u>Winkler
Prins Encyclopedia van Vlaanderen</u>. A modest reference in Dutch can be found
on the website of his hometown (Biervliet, Zeeuws Vlaanderen) here: <a href="http://www.biervliet.nl/Algemeen/Geschiedenis.aspx">http://www.biervliet.nl/Algemeen/Geschiedenis.aspx</a>.
The best English language summary is here:
“Willem Beukelszoon of Biervliet invented a method of gutting and
barreling herring which preserved them for many months. The process was kept secret
from other nations, which permitted the Dutch to build up a large export
business throughout Europe, since the preserved herring could be eaten on many
days of Christian abstinence from meat. The contribution of Beukelszoon was of
such importance to the economy that, two hundred years later, the Emperor
Charles V formally visited his grave to do him honor and ordered that a
monument be raised to his memory as a benefactor of his country.” Charles Mckew
Parr, <u>Jan Van Linschoten: The Dutch Marco Polo</u>, (New York: Thomas Y.
Crowell Company, 1964), p.5. Note: “Biervliet was at least for a short time the
center of the production and the trade in Flemish cured herring.” Richard W.
Unger, <u>Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and the Atlantic: 1400-1800</u>,
(Alsdsgate, 1997), p.328. For those who
question my inclusion of Willem Beuckelszoon, Richard Unger concurs and offers
a plausible argument that the entire tale is a fraud.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “As
early as the end of the 15<sup>th</sup> century, the large-scale exploitation
of cod began on the Newfoundland banks… The great problem was how to preserve
and transport the fish.” Ferdinand
Braudel, <u>Capitalism and Material Life</u>, (New York: HarperCollins, 1973), p.148.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“The Atlantic cod, <i>Gadus morhua</i>, flourishes over an enormous area
of the North Atlantic, with a modern range from the northern Barents Sea south
to the Bay of Biscay, around Iceland and the southern tip of Greenland, and
along the North American coast as far south as North Carolina. Streamlined and
abundant, it grows to a large size, has
nutricious, bland flesh, and is easily cooked. It is also easily salted and
dried, an important consideration when the major markets for salt cod were far
from the fishing grounds, and often in the Mediterranean. When dried, cod meat
is almost 80 percent protein.” Brian Fagan, <u>The Little Ice Age:
How Climate Made History, 1300-1850</u>, (New York: Basic Books, 2000), p.70.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
Atlantic cod “preserves unusually well
because its white flesh is almost entirely devoid of fat. Fat resists
salt and slows the rate at which salt impregnates fish. This is why oily fish,
after salting, must be tightly pressed in barrels to be preserved, whereas cod
can be simply laid in salt. Also fatty fish cannot be exposed to air in curing
because the fat will become rancid. Cod, along with its relatives including
haddock and whiting, can be air-dried before salting, which makes for a
particularly effective cure that would be difficult with oily fish such as
anchovy or herring.” Mark Kurlansky, <u>Salt: A World History</u>, (New
York: Penguin, 2003), p.114.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“Not only did cod last longer than other salted fish, it tasted better too.” Mark
Kurlansky, <u>Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World</u>,
(New York: Penguin, 1997), pp.22-23.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “The
record for long-distance travel belongs to a cod tagged in the North Sea in
June 1957 and caught on the Grand Banks in January 1962 after a journey of
about 3,200 kilometers.” Brian Fagan, <u>Fish on Friday: Feasting, Fasting
and the Discovery of the New World</u>, (New York: Basic Books, 2006), p.228.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref12" name="_edn12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “Cod
migrate for spawning, moving into still-shallower [less than 120 feet deep]
water close to coastlines,
seeking warmer spawning grounds and making it even easier to catch them.” Mark
Kurlansky, <u>Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World</u>, (New
York: Penguin, 1997), p.42.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref13" name="_edn13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“It can be said that cod [was] the
acknowledged staple food supply for the ordinary people.” Louis Sicking &
Darlene Abreu-Ferreira, eds., <u>Beyond the Catch: Fisheries of the North
Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic, 900-1850</u>, (Leiden: Brill, 2008), p.269.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref14" name="_edn14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “The
Flemish Eye is the best method to attach hooks to multi strand wire. Its
looseness acts like a spring and takes the pressure off the crimped sleeve.” <a href="http://www.getbentsportfishing.com/helpful/tips-and-tricks/fishing-knots/">http://www.getbentsportfishing.com/helpful/tips-and-tricks/fishing-knots/</a>.
Accessed August 12, 2013.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn15">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref15" name="_edn15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “The
eastern most extension of what we today call the Outer Banks, the rich fishing
grounds off of the coast of Newfoundland, have traditionally been called the “Flemish Cap”. This is the closest North
Atlantic fishing ground for Europeans. European fishermen could fish there
literally year-round. Even today, fishermen, when making for the Flemish Cap
from Europe, would often say, “We are headed for Flemish.” Rosa
Garcia-Orellan, <u>TerraNova: The Spanish Cod Fishery on the Grand Banks
of Newfoundland in the Twentieth Century</u>, (Boca Raton: Brown Walker Press,
2010), p.222.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn16">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref16" name="_edn16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> ”The
Mediterranean Sea could not supply enough fish on its own, so countries
in Northern Europe became a major source of fish for the region – primarily cod. Salt cod was traded for various goods including wine,
cloth, spices and salt. When word arrived at the end of the 1400s of
abundant codfish on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, fishermen were quick to
respond.” RWA Rodger & S Spurrell, <u>The Fisheries of North America</u>
(2006), p.1.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn17">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref17" name="_edn17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“’Bacalao’ was the southern European name for cod, deriving from the Flemish word for cod, <i>bakkeljaw.”</i>
Callum Roberts, <u>The Unnatural History of the Sea</u>, (Washington, DC:
Island Press, 2007), p.382.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn18">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref18" name="_edn18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: NL;">Lest we think
this unconnected with Nordic America, </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">the term “buss” is derived from the Old Norse ‘buza’. See William
Sayers, “Ships and Sailors in Geiffrei Gaimar's ‘Estoire des Engleis’” Source: <i>The Modern Language Review</i>, Vol. 98, No.
2 (Apr., 2003), pp. 299-310; p.307 Published by: Modern Humanities Research
Association Stable URL: </span><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3737812"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.jstor.org/stable/3737812</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> .<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn19">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref19" name="_edn19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
In Greenland and Iceland, “Stockfish, that is wind-dried cod… was split open
and hung on a length of wood called a <i>stokkr</i>,
hence the name stockfish.”Jesse L. Byock, <u>Viking Age Iceland</u>, (New York:
Penguin, 2001), pp.52-53.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn20">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref20" name="_edn20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
E.T. Hamy, <u>Le Livre de la Description des Pays de Gilles Le Bouvier</u>,
(Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1908), p.104. Source: Source gallica.bnf.fr /
Bibliothèque nationale de France. <a href="ftp://ftp.bnf.fr/011/N0112093_PDF_1_-1DM.pdf">ftp://ftp.bnf.fr/011/N0112093_PDF_1_-1DM.pdf</a> Accessed August 10, 2013. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn21">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref21" name="_edn21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “A Flemish Buss doth often take seven
or eight Last [=14-16 tonnes] of herrings in a day. But if GOD gave a Buss, one
day with another, but two Last of herrings a day, that is, twelve Last of
herrings in a week; then at that rate, a
Buss may take, dress, and pack the said whole Proportion of a hundred Last [200 tonnes] of herrings (propounded
to be hoped for), in eight weeks and
two days, And yet is herein[after] allowance made for victuals and wages
for sixteen weeks, as after followeth. Of which sixteen weeks time, if there be
spent in rigging and furnishing the said Buss to sea, and in sailing from her
port to her fishing-place; if these businesses, I say, spend two weeks of the
time, and that the other two weeks be also spent in returning to her port after
her fishing season, and in unrigging and laying up the Buss: then I say (of the
sixteen weeks above allowed for) there will be twelve weeks to spend only in
fishing the herring.” Edward Arber, <u>Social England Illustrated, a
Collection of XVIIth Century Tracts With an Introduction by Andrew Lang</u>,
(Westminister: Archibald Constable & Co., 1903), Forgotten Books Classic
Reprint, p.284. In general the Flemish buss was a modest vessel and after 1600 almost
exclusively for fishing. However, “a buss of [the year]1523 was rated at
over 200 tons. In 1570 there was a report of a buss which could bring home a
catch of 140 tons. But from the 1570s size decreased and vessels of about 100
tons or less became the rule. The buss of those years would approach 25 meters
in length and be over 5 meters broad with a depth of over 3 meters.” Richard
W. Unger, <u>Dutch Shipbuilding Before 1800</u>, (Amsterdam: Van Gorcum, 1978),
p.30. In fairness, Richard Unger states that “the buss was built for use in
herring fishing…[and] the herring buss appeared at Hoorn in the year before the
introduction of the big drag net, that is in 1415.” Richard W. Unger, <u>Dutch
Shipbuilding Before 1800</u>, (Amsterdam: Van Gorcum, 1978), p.29.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn22">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref22" name="_edn22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
In Medieval Flanders, there were “at least 37 smaller and greater ports” along
the coast from Calais to Ostend that sent forth fishing fleets for cod. Dries Tys
& Marnix Pieters, “Understanding a Medieval Fishing Settlement Along the
Southern North Sea: Walraversijde, c.1200-1630,”Chapter 3 (pp. ) in Louis
Sicking & Darlene Abreu-Ferreira, eds., <u>Beyond the Catch: Fisheries of
the North Atlantic, the North Sea and the Baltic, 900-1850</u>, (Leiden: Brill,
2008), p.92.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn23">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref23" name="_edn23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“Into the thirteenth century Flemish boats dominated the carrying trade in the
English Channel and to Gascony.” David Nichols, - David Nicholas, “Of Poverty
and Primacy: Demand, Liquidity, and the Flemish Economic Miracle, 1050-1200”, <i>The
American Historical Review ,</i>Vol. 96, No. 1 (Feb., 1991), pp. 17-41,
p.33 Published by: <a href="http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucpress">The
University of Chicago Press</a><u> </u>Article
Stable URL: <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2164016">http://</a><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2164016">www.jstor.org</a><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2164016">/stable/2164016</a>.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn24">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref24" name="_edn24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Alfred Znamierowski, <u>The World
Encyclopedia of Flags</u>, (Leicester: Anness, 2008), p.44. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn25">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref25" name="_edn25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Silvanus
P. Thompson, "The Rose of the Winds: The Origin and Development of the
Compass- Card," <i>Proceedings of the
British Academy</i> 6 (London, 1918).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn26">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref26" name="_edn26" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
In fairness to the French (or Walloons), it appears that it was actually a Picard (Pierre de Maricourt aka
Petrus Peregrinus) who discovered the navigational benefits of the lodestone,
while doing siege work for the French king in 1269. Lloyd A. Brown, <u>The
Story of Maps</u>, (New York: Dover, 1977); reprint of the 1949 edition; p.128.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn27">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref27" name="_edn27" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xxvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="line-height: 115%;"> Christopher Columbus, <u>The Log of Christopher Columbus</u><i>,
</i>ed. & trans. By Robert H. Fuson, (Intl Marine Pub, 1991),<i> </i>p.42<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn28">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref28" name="_edn28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xxviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Pedro de Medina, a cosmographer resident in Seville and attached to the Casa de
Contratacion (which ensured pilots’ navigational tools were accurate and
collected data from returning ships) published the early modern ‘Bibles’ of
navigation: <u>Libro de cosmographia</u>
(in 1538) and <u>Arte de navegar</u> (in
1545). In all of his books – which continued to be used for more than 150 years
by Iberian mariners – the Dutch language terms for the compass are used. See
for example pp.61,115,152,153, etc. of Pedro de Medina, <u>A Navigator’s Universe:
The Libro de Cosmographia of 1538</u>, Ursula Lamb, trans. & ed., (London:
University of Chicago Press, 1972).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn29">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref29" name="_edn29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
William Caxton (1418-1492), the man who literally brought the first printing
press to England – learned the craft of printing at Bruges under the tutelage
of a Fleming, . <u>Caxton: The
Description of Britain by William Caxton</u>; edited by Marie Collins , pp.109
& 114.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn30">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref30" name="_edn30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> William
Hickling Prescott, <u>The History of the Reign of Philip the Second, King of
Spain</u>, (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1883), p. 309.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn31">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref31" name="_edn31" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“Northern Europeans, particularly the
Flemish, were not so casual [about navigation]. They not only wrote
about these irregularities but published charts with true sets of losscodrones;
one set for Italian compasses and one for Flemish compasses. The Flemish compass lines gave the correct
variation.” Christopher Columbus, <u>The Log of Christopher Columbus</u><i>, </i>ed. & trans. By
Robert H. Fuson, (Intl Marine Pub, 1991), p.42. Columbus’ realization that
there is a difference between true and magnetic north aided his trans-Atlantic
navigation. The best overview of this topic can be found in Lloyd A. Brown, <u>The
Story of Maps</u>, (New York: Dover, 1977); reprint of the 1949 edition;
pp.132-134. <u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn32">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref32" name="_edn32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xxxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="line-height: 115%;"> Silvanus P. Thompson, "The Rose
of the Winds: The Origin and Development of the Compass- Card,"
Proceedings of the British Academy 6 (London, 1918).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn33">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref33" name="_edn33" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xxxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“It was in fact an Antwerp edition<b> </b>[of
Marco Polo’s <i><u>Travels</u></i>] from circa 1485 that Polo’s Genoese
successor, Christopher Columbus, read and carefully annotated in preparation
for his own historic voyage.” </span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Benjamin Schmid, <u>The Dutch Imagination and the New
World, 1570-1670</u>, (New York: Cambridge U Press, 2006), p.9. An open page of
Columbus’ annotated copy of <i>Il Milinone</i>
can be viewed here: <a href="http://historyofinformation.com/images/marco_polo-Le_Livre_des_Merveilles-columbus.jpg">http://historyofinformation.com/images/marco_polo-Le_Livre_des_Merveilles-columbus.jpg</a>
accessed August 4, 2013.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn34">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref34" name="_edn34" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
It was a Pierre d’Ailly world map printed in 1483 which appears in <i>De imagine mundi et alii tractatus</i>,
(Leuven: Johannes de Westfalia, 1483). “This was the only map to be printed in
the Low Countries during the fifteenth century.” Tony Campbell, <u>The Earliest
Printed Maps: 1472-1500</u>, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987),
p.87. Popular references to this book usually call it the "Imago Mundi". Columbus clearly depended upon the map and the book in which it was included. According to one authority, "he made no fewer than 848 marginal notes and calculations" in the Imago Mundi. See Kirkpatrick Sale, </span><u style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Conquest of Paradise</u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> , (New York: Plume, 1991), p.30. For the record, historian Hugh Thomas dismisses the idea that the map
Columbus carried on board was the famous Toscanelli map. See Hugh Thomas, </span><u style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rivers
of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire</u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, (London: Phoenix, 2004), paperback ed., p.103.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn35">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref35" name="_edn35" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Tony Campbell, <u>The Earliest Printed Maps: 1472-1500</u>, (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1987), p.9.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn36">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt3%20Blog.docx#_ednref36" name="_edn36" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Data extracted from Tony Campbell, <u>The Earliest Printed Maps: 1472-1500</u>,
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), Appendix, Table 2 “Summaries”, p.234. Note:
this is not to say that Columbus did not own other maps – although the only
reference I have seen to Columbus owning any other map explicitly is a copy of
Ptolemy’s <u>Geography</u>, printed at Rome in 1478. See Toby Lester, <u>The
Fourth Part of the World: The Race to the Ends of the Earth, and the Epic Story
of the Map That Gave America Its Name</u>, (New York: Free Press, 2009), p.336.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Copyright 2013 by David Baeckelandt. All rights reserved. No reproduction permitted without my express, written permission.</i></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-38060714016972953252013-12-14T21:07:00.003-06:002014-01-02T17:31:41.878-06:00Flemish Contributions to Columbus’ “Discovery” of America – Part 2<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAwLpqYxJthmHvzIwU1PwFXDzzYOsd4O7kEFqLHdVuz6nbgTji7XPECkjoI3wWAPV63P27BJLvH140Q5WleJfVOrR2AEafqZsIwaYpqHF5OXAzMbjQe3mCZupG0XpOwLO0IL8zYIX5K1s/s1600/Taino+Meets+Columbus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAwLpqYxJthmHvzIwU1PwFXDzzYOsd4O7kEFqLHdVuz6nbgTji7XPECkjoI3wWAPV63P27BJLvH140Q5WleJfVOrR2AEafqZsIwaYpqHF5OXAzMbjQe3mCZupG0XpOwLO0IL8zYIX5K1s/s400/Taino+Meets+Columbus.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">16th century characterization of Columbus meeting the Tainos in the Caribbean</td></tr>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A few months ago
(October 5<sup>th</sup>) I participated in a Seminar called “The Dutch Revolt
and New Netherland”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></b></span></span></a>
There I was asked to give my talk, “Flemish Contributions to the Discovery and
Settlement of America”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></b></span></span></a>
Once up on the podium I narrowed the topic to a more directly relevant “The
Flemish involvement in the Dutch Revolt and New Netherland”. Even then I was
unable to cover even an abridged version of my research.</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>For the record, some
of my claims concerning Columbus and the Flemish are already posted elsewhere
on my blog. In an earlier post </i><a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2008/10/flemish-contributions-to-columbus.html">http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2008/10/flemish-contributions-to-columbus.html</a>
<i>I reviewed a few pre-1492 ties between
Columbus and Flanders. Here I hope to offer some detail on the Flemish
involvement with Columbus’ actual and intellectual discovery of the New World.
So without further adieu, please find below a snippet of the pre-New Netherland
bit, somewhat after the actual Columbus Day, October 21, 2013<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[iii]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlCNOKz933HIvUyVwJUXygAHQDpAEtlv8BBrimHQeYoW4S6bvoxeY0Lz8m0OUTZ5zm9P2Ex05G-j851uRXP07LfIHypxJ2NiiY3CaevrgiG2buoNKz16iKvYSj_oWjjaseLXfFYxCTghA/s1600/Das+sind+die+nieuw+gefunde+mensche.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlCNOKz933HIvUyVwJUXygAHQDpAEtlv8BBrimHQeYoW4S6bvoxeY0Lz8m0OUTZ5zm9P2Ex05G-j851uRXP07LfIHypxJ2NiiY3CaevrgiG2buoNKz16iKvYSj_oWjjaseLXfFYxCTghA/s320/Das+sind+die+nieuw+gefunde+mensche.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An early depiction of Columbus' 'discovery' of the New World</td></tr>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></o:p></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Many of us know the official story of Columbus’ “discovery”
of America. It can be summed up in the American schoolyard ditty (modified
here): </span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“In fourteen hundred
and ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue…<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">October 12 their dream
came true, You never saw a happier crew!”<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[iv]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The essence of this rhyme is a reaffirmation of Columbus as
hero. In an age of barbaric superstition and medieval ignorance one man – the
Genoese Christopher Columbus – saw a way to sail west to reach the East. Our
national myth also implies that this unique Italian made the solitary intellectual
leaps that brought him to our shores. But it is wrong.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As more thoughtful scholars now know, Columbus’ decision to
sail across the Atlantic derived from a mosaic of intellectual, navigational,
cartographic, and other advances. Flemings and Flanders contributed to
Columbus’ understanding of the world and in several instances directly
influenced the path he took. These contributions originated centuries before
Christopher Columbus lived. As award-winning historian Felipe Fernandez-Armesto
puts it (admittedly with a different emphasis): “What really happened to
Columbus is far more interesting than any of the heroic myths his life has
generated.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Permit me, then, to offer a survey of that background here.</span></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyO28dRHUuy88Q9z6y4lN_RYGWCF5EH0Nc53LB4EOc6dDr6ZgIn9d3UEBSlFElyWx07Gda-bzV5tRbXs8z3eq1DBt3B5Nfgapj86GAVoXPghrVkXsjQBCJCqPcuW0wiusJb0tCia2mieg/s1600/Robert2CountFlanders.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyO28dRHUuy88Q9z6y4lN_RYGWCF5EH0Nc53LB4EOc6dDr6ZgIn9d3UEBSlFElyWx07Gda-bzV5tRbXs8z3eq1DBt3B5Nfgapj86GAVoXPghrVkXsjQBCJCqPcuW0wiusJb0tCia2mieg/s320/Robert2CountFlanders.jpg" width="122" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Robert II, Count of Flanders, A Leader of the First Crusade</td></tr>
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</span></o:p></div>
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<u><span lang="NL"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Flemish
Link to Asia – the Crusades<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As most school children know, Columbus’ voyages were an
effort to reach Asia – and its riches – by sailing west. This search for the
East began centuries before Columbus. What we are not taught is that the
Flemish played a role inspiring Columbus’ quest. This role was not a single
strand but in fact a mosaic of contributions. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For several hundred years the one distraction generally
successful in diverting generational waves European Christians from warfare
with each other was sanctified conflict against non-Christians: in other words,
the Crusades.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Carried out at the frontiers of Christendom, the
Crusades offered participants the promise of eternal salvation in the afterlife
enhanced by the possibility of booty and trade in this life.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For nearly five centuries Flemings sent out soldiers on the
Crusades.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The First Crusade, which got under way in the year 1099, had a strong Flemish
contingent. Five hundred Flemish knights followed Roberecht, the Count of
Flanders, to the Middle East.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Not all Crusades went to the Middle East. P<span lang="NL">erhaps prompted by dire conditions in Flanders<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
waves of West Flemings headed east into what is today Poland during the Wendish
Crusade in 1147.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
At nearly the same time still yet another group of Flemish knights embarked by
ship for the Crusades to the Holy Land. Flemish warriors left in such numbers
that they made possible the Reconquista of Lisbon, Portugal from the Muslims in
1148.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Just over fifty years later, in 1202, the Count of Flanders<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
led the Fourth Crusade. His victory over the Byzantine Grreks established a
dynasty that ruled Byzantium<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
for 60 years </span>at Constantinople.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Merchants and settlers usually were not far behind the
marauding knights.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Flemish merchants, like Stephen of
Dendermonde (in East Flanders)<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
began to trade directly with Asian merchants at Black Sea outposts.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn18" name="_ednref18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Generally these outposts – Caffa on the Black Sea and Tana, on the Don River
near the Sea of Azov – were dominated by Genoans.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn19" name="_ednref19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
So it is an almost natural outcome that at nearly the same time, in 1277, the
first galley fleets from Genoa sailed to Bruges.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn20" name="_ednref20" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></a></span> These ships brought alum – critical to the
dying process of woolen textiles.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn21" name="_ednref21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB-xxiAp8o4jO8Uxm1WgTYEGJWJnf0cO59OK8wam2-1xIZLMZvcC5SH2B_DHXCi8lbqxCPIFUyKVfX1GZ9Y4BnLvu1TxVWLeMs7p3KAR1R-4DGzpOGBaMf3VIgzgDvlWij22h-ebMIKUA/s1600/Italian+Settlements+in+the+Black+Sea.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB-xxiAp8o4jO8Uxm1WgTYEGJWJnf0cO59OK8wam2-1xIZLMZvcC5SH2B_DHXCi8lbqxCPIFUyKVfX1GZ9Y4BnLvu1TxVWLeMs7p3KAR1R-4DGzpOGBaMf3VIgzgDvlWij22h-ebMIKUA/s400/Italian+Settlements+in+the+Black+Sea.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span lang="NL"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From at least at
the same time as Flanders exported priests and knights, Flanders exported cloth.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn22" name="_ednref22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
It was Flanders’ most important export.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn23" name="_ednref23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
While ubiquitous today, medieval cloth was a high-value-added product with
weaves and styles that were as diverse as the number of municipalities
involved.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn24" name="_ednref24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In return, from Flanders to Italy and then onto Asia, came not
only sophisticated textiles but also priceless re-exports (via Bruges) such as
walrus ivory and gyrfalcons. When Philip, the Duke of Burgundy (and also ruling
as the Count of Flanders) ransomed his son back from the Muslims in 1396, he did
so with 12 gyrfalcons imported from North America or Greenland.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn25" name="_ednref25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The contemporary market value of those dozen North American hunting birds was
equal to 50 tons of grain.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn26" name="_ednref26" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
These rare birds were almost certainly purchased in Bruges, only a few miles
from the Duke’s Wynaendaele castle near Torhout.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn27" name="_ednref27" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The western advance of Islam was halted at Tours in 732.
Crusading counterattacks erupted in the late 11<sup>th</sup> century and
crusader territory in the Middle East reached its greatest extent in the year
1144.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn28" name="_ednref28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The mix between Crusade and Jihad was complicated in the 1230s when advance
elements of Mongol forces overran much of Eastern Europe, creating “the largest
land empire in the history of the
world, stretching from Hungary to the China Sea.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn29" name="_ednref29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
It is at this point that a mix of fact and fantasy came together that inspired
Columbus and others to sail west to get to the East.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo9x7_Zn3FFxnUO72HW19AEz8dbctfhv3pwQ9-8-z_-k_qfhQn5sFL7qvFp5tq3BYdQfxYw24zkQvctSXzkr85FMqbN9B3Do5LabOk-aoCNsJHhLJuSYnV2qKYfNG8sA7SfTw9xVL-HP0/s1600/Prester+John.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo9x7_Zn3FFxnUO72HW19AEz8dbctfhv3pwQ9-8-z_-k_qfhQn5sFL7qvFp5tq3BYdQfxYw24zkQvctSXzkr85FMqbN9B3Do5LabOk-aoCNsJHhLJuSYnV2qKYfNG8sA7SfTw9xVL-HP0/s320/Prester+John.jpg" width="311" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Prester John the fabled Christian ruler in the East</td></tr>
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<u><span lang="NL"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Flemish
Priests and Prester John<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div>
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<span lang="NL"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Clerics were the
one class of Western European society almost certain to be literate.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn30" name="_ednref30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Literacy gave priests and monks a certain monopoly as the compilers and conveyors
of strategic information.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn31" name="_ednref31" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The Christian religious orders that many clerics belonged to had established
networks transcending national borders. In this way they also acted as reliable
information conduits.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn32" name="_ednref32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="NL">Leading Europe on
the Crusades at the time of the Mongol invasions was King Louis IX of France. </span>Acting
on either astute intelligence or wishful thinking, King Louis IX, also known to
history as St. Louis, learned that one of the Mongol chieftains professed to be
a Christian. So in 1253 St. Louis hurriedly dispatched a Flemish monk, Willem
van Rubruck, on a mission to the Mongols.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn33" name="_ednref33" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBvanXZ1SZOQTipqk8qFHK4fglfTz8f4-pnupisKh9MLQ0IC6erpTDyE4wErZQgMW0rD0FlMCc_en_QeI7P9UMfgLeH5P7zookIr9WvOYgcfWw3iI2TMJrF7LGdpbHyLDy3eqoCdU3bxk/s1600/King+Louis+Sends+Rubruck.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBvanXZ1SZOQTipqk8qFHK4fglfTz8f4-pnupisKh9MLQ0IC6erpTDyE4wErZQgMW0rD0FlMCc_en_QeI7P9UMfgLeH5P7zookIr9WvOYgcfWw3iI2TMJrF7LGdpbHyLDy3eqoCdU3bxk/s320/King+Louis+Sends+Rubruck.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">King Louis sends Willem van Rubruck to the Great Khan</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">During the spring of the year 1253 van Rubruck gathered
supplies and strength at his first Asian port of call, the Black Sea port of
Soldaia.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn34" name="_ednref34" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
There van Rubruck preached and ministered to the small but important community
of Venetian merchants. Among the Venetian merchants residing in Soldaia at that
time was a certain Marco Polo. Polo’s nephew and namesake would later be known
as <i>il milione </i>– ‘the man of a million
lies’.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn35" name="_ednref35" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Van Rubruck’s return – in late 1255 – may have inspired
Europeans to travel directly to the Great Khan’s court. When Niccolo Polo, his
brother Marco and son Marco (the younger) left on their presumed trip to Asia
in 1260, they would depart also from Soldaia and return to Acre (as van Rubruck
did) in 1269.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn36" name="_ednref36" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The earliest reference to “Franks” – Europeans, as medieval Asians referred to
them – arriving at Kublai Khan’s court is June 6, 1261.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn37" name="_ednref37" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Over a nearly three year span, armed with diplomatic letters
and gifts, Willem van Rubruck journeyed across Asia to the Mongol capital and
back, in an attempt to recruit an Asian ally for the Crusades.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn38" name="_ednref38" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Although failing in the short term to strike an alliance with the Great “Cham”
(=Khan), van Rubruck did convert six residents to Christianity. Although the
Mongols did not officially ally with Christian Europe to battle their common, Muslim,
enemy, the Mongols did press on in their attacks on traditional Muslim states,
culminating with the taking of Baghdad in 1258, just three years after van
Rubruck’s return. Perhaps not coincidentally, a Mongol embassy visited the King
of France in 1274 – and accepted Christian baptism at Lyon.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn39" name="_ednref39" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Sadly, Willem van Rubruck missed witnessing this event: he died around 1270.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As a man of the cloth van Rubruck no doubt would have viewed
the conversion of the Mongol envoys as a consequence of his mission. But van
Rubruck’s legacy was far greater in secular terms. His eyewitness account
refuted a number of geographic misconceptions – he confirmed, for example, the
fact that the Caspian Sea is landlocked.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn40" name="_ednref40" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xl]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
It may not be coincidence that Mathew Paris’ world map – part of the first
English language encyclopedia of the world, created in the late 1250s and
replete with details about foreign lands and especially the Mongols – was drafted at this time. But van Rubruck’s legacy, according to scholars, spills over into
other areas of geography.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">At about this time other Catholic clerics created the
earliest existing maritime maps. The first
mention of a sea chart (portolan) seems to be directly connected with van
Rubruck: some suggest that a voyage King
Louis IX of France sailed on at this time (during which van Rubruck was
present) is the first recorded voyage to use one (although certainly they
existed prior to this point in time. In any event, the earliest extant
(unattributed) portolan (sea) chart, called the <i>Carta Pisana</i> (whose farthest, measured point is Flanders) is
attributed to this time (1275-1300).<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn41" name="_ednref41" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xli]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkUONgoEh3PUnjE72hKMyq_PLG3o6sL0DCgljd4tpm-TR1rCsyQCnkkHmwOwtSYrS_5U6rDNqyqgt9F3aZeSr2jjYuR211xPIxjKuTp5-QC-UgxcGk66Dk8xIpQ2suyy6A2UuEBup-pcc/s1600/Cartographer_Pietro_Vesconte_(1318).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkUONgoEh3PUnjE72hKMyq_PLG3o6sL0DCgljd4tpm-TR1rCsyQCnkkHmwOwtSYrS_5U6rDNqyqgt9F3aZeSr2jjYuR211xPIxjKuTp5-QC-UgxcGk66Dk8xIpQ2suyy6A2UuEBup-pcc/s320/Cartographer_Pietro_Vesconte_(1318).jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Petrus Vesconte, self-depicted on one of the oldest existing portolans</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Shortly afterwards, about the year 1311, another Franciscan
monk, Petrus Vesconte, incorporated van Rubruck’s geographic information into
his portolan.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn42" name="_ednref42" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
As cartographic historian Lloyd Brown observed: <span lang="NL"> “We find the first evidence of [van]
Rubruck information in the maps of Petrus Vesconte and Paolino Minorita drawn
about the year 1320; since Paolino was also a Franciscan he may have had
information [directly] from Rubruck, as Professor Almagia has suggested.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn43" name="_ednref43" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xliii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The move away from myth to empirically-derived understanding
is something closely associated with the concept of Humanism and the
Renaissance. Humanism and the Renaissance are generally considered to have
begun simultaneously: in late 13<sup>th</sup> century northern Italy. The leaders of this movement were, contrary
to popular perception, Catholic clerics. The trigger for the Renaissance and
the concept of humanism is generally believed to be the rediscovery of the
knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Interestingly, it was another
Flemish prelate who was most responsible for translating Archimedes, other
Greek writers and most notably, Aristotle: Willem (William) van Moerbeke.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn44" name="_ednref44" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xliv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4K77EAnTwliZ7rYoCVEw4VbtdGp0DXSiH5W-IIF_V25YPPbtEB4QLLJXOgXkhKAbPemMtLnOTsFlLaMP_3pPUdZr1WmDU4OZNmD31rTPCBo-EnDSD6yxyLYSQBAYYXHXQGLNd-gS4qWg/s1600/605px-Roger-bacon-statue.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4K77EAnTwliZ7rYoCVEw4VbtdGp0DXSiH5W-IIF_V25YPPbtEB4QLLJXOgXkhKAbPemMtLnOTsFlLaMP_3pPUdZr1WmDU4OZNmD31rTPCBo-EnDSD6yxyLYSQBAYYXHXQGLNd-gS4qWg/s320/605px-Roger-bacon-statue.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Roger Bacon's statue at Oxford University</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">One man heavily influenced by Aristotle was the 13<sup>th</sup>
century English monk Roger Bacon. Friar Bacon was not only influenced by he
lectured on Aristotle – at both Oxford and the University of Paris.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn45" name="_ednref45" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
His belief that the knowledge of the Greeks and others from the East merited
serious consideration, inspired Friar Bacon “to prepare a great synthesis of
all scientific knowledge” which came to be called “Opus Majus”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn46" name="_ednref46" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Bacon’s “Opus Majus” of circa the year 1267 is credited with, for example, the
first Western reference to gunpowder.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn47" name="_ednref47" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gunpowder was arguably one of the greatest military
innovations in history.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn48" name="_ednref48" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
More importantly, gunpowder was unquestionably invented in China – sometime
before the year 1044.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn49" name="_ednref49" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Yet it was unknown in Europe until the Franciscan friar Roger Bacon published
the formula in his famous <i>Opus Majus</i>.
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">At almost exactly the same time as the Flemish Franciscan
Willem van Rubruck moved to the Paris residence of the religious order, the
English Franciscan Roger Bacon was banished to the very same Parisian residence
(that is, circa 1257).<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn50" name="_ednref50" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[l]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Bacon’s offense – curiously enough – was for
his attempt to write and discuss the knowledge of the East – which suggests
that the banishment had less to do with punishment and more to do with Bacon’s
interest in debriefing van Rubruck. As one of van Rubruck’s modern biographers
writes: “Roger Bacon met [van] Rubruck…and spoke to him about his adventures
and discoveries. He also examined Rubruck’s travel record and made detailed
notes which we find embodied in the famous <i>Opus
Majus</i>.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn51" name="_ednref51" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[li]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ76bqnq9H8spyShXNc7_6CJBw4JGuDoqb-XQKEmWhuzxeNbCxfqA2wR1QbMLP5hdiJfVcLTmNy0wcSFA9SDcPDNg8ueFCqjXTE-a8R9kwOERPlO2RY3y1UW1eHIXqCkp6-Xb3mLAVZFc/s1600/Chinese_rocket.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ76bqnq9H8spyShXNc7_6CJBw4JGuDoqb-XQKEmWhuzxeNbCxfqA2wR1QbMLP5hdiJfVcLTmNy0wcSFA9SDcPDNg8ueFCqjXTE-a8R9kwOERPlO2RY3y1UW1eHIXqCkp6-Xb3mLAVZFc/s320/Chinese_rocket.gif" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mongol warrior using gunpowder rocket</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Although Bacon never credited van Rubruck, since it is
certain that Bacon met and knew van Rubruck (and in many cases copied verbatim
knowledge from van Rubruck’s report), and since it is certain that the Mongols,
through their Chinese subjects, both knew and used gunpowder<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn52" name="_ednref52" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[lii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
and since the oldest Chinese tradition is a reference to a firearm toting
Chinese escort accompanying van Rubruck back to Europe<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn53" name="_ednref53" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[liii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
it is almost certain (albeit, unproven) that Bacon’s knowledge of gunpowder
came via van Rubruck.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Van Rubruck’s report had other, far-reaching consequences.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn54" name="_ednref54" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[liv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
More than any single European visitor to Asia, Rubruck’s report made an immense
contribution to Europe’s understanding of ‘Cathay’.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn55" name="_ednref55" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[lv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<span lang="NL">D</span>ecades before Marco Polo
claimed to have visited China,<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn56" name="_ednref56" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[lvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
this devout Flemish cleric described not only the court of the Great Khan, but
also society, customs, and Asian trade routes.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn57" name="_ednref57" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[lvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Rubruck reported first-hand that there was a Christian prince in Asia making
war on the Muslims.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn58" name="_ednref58" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[lviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
It was this information, twisted and garbled by time and translation that
became the basis for the medieval legend of Prester John.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn59" name="_ednref59" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[lix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="NL"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Funneled through
the Franciscan network of monasteries, a copy of Rubruck’s report (and possibly
copies of the portolans) came to the attention – sometime after the year 1320 –
of the Abbott of the St. Omer monastery, Jan de Langhe of Ieper (Ypres) in
Flanders. Jan de Langhe apparently had
both time to write and resources to augment his reading list. Fascinated with
reports from frontier missionary posts, he accumulated an impressive collection
for the monastic library. Extrapolating from Rubruck’s report of the wealth of
Mongol China, de Langhe wrote a fanciful tale of the riches of the East.
Ultimately known as “The Travels of John Mandeville”, it tells the story of an
English knight’s global journey, his journey over the ocean, the wealth he
discovered, and the lands inhabited by a crusading Christian prince of Asia
known as Prester John.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn60" name="_ednref60" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[lx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSuqnpRYH2BrFu2AlO9fVg9C6ojAORDh2hbMBi2Oui8rv_EJYag_e5OglsfKbTzRhNeP4jelqSPfkgLD7csgSmo3LgLSFpcIF55wGBluTmqnSlUpp1_H0kvN8XkOOLUqMYkMN0auQeqew/s1600/Mandeville+pic1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSuqnpRYH2BrFu2AlO9fVg9C6ojAORDh2hbMBi2Oui8rv_EJYag_e5OglsfKbTzRhNeP4jelqSPfkgLD7csgSmo3LgLSFpcIF55wGBluTmqnSlUpp1_H0kvN8XkOOLUqMYkMN0auQeqew/s320/Mandeville+pic1.jpg" width="217" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Mandeville</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="NL">‘The Travels’ was
more than a good yarn. It became the medieval equivalent of a best seller.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn61" name="_ednref61" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[lxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
A modern historian says that, </span>“the most popular description of the East,
published in 1360, was <u>The Travels of Sir John Mandeville</u>.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn62" name="_ednref62" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[lxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
For the casual reader the yarn included dog-headed men (and other
monstrosities). But the book also convincingly described the fabulous wealth of
Asian potentates – and how to reach that wealth. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What excited commercially-minded readers is this passage:
“Beyond this land of Ireland are to be found neither lands nor other islands
towards the setting sun. And some say that if a ship was steered in a
direct line for a long distance the ship would find itself in the land of
Prester John. And others say that
it is the edge of the lands of the western coast.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn63" name="_ednref63" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[lxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In short, “The importance of <i>The Travels </i>lay[s]
in a single yet startling passage which set the book apart from all other
medieval travelogues. Mandeville claimed that his voyage proved for the first
time that it was possible to set sail around the world in one direction and
return home from the other.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn64" name="_ednref64" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[lxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Although it was most probably written for a prelate’s
entertainment, it came to be viewed as gospel truth.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn65" name="_ednref65" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[lxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
More importantly, as we shall see, it was used as an authoritative reference by
European mariners for several hundred years. Professor Larner shows that Martin
Behaim (on his 1492 globe), Ponce de Leon (when he landed in Florida in 1512),
Hernando Cortez (in Mexico in 1519), Martin Frobischer and Sir Walter Raleigh
(in the 1570s), Richard Hackluyt (in the
1580s) and others all demonstrated a strong familiarity with and reliance upon
Mandeville as their guide.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn66" name="_ednref66" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[lxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">One of those who took note of Jan de Langhe’s imaginary
“Travels of Mandeville” and the suggestion that sailing west could be a
shortcut to the East, was Christopher Columbus.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_edn67" name="_ednref67" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[lxvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
De Langhe’s ‘Travels of Mandeville’ became an important Flemish contribution to
Columbus’ understanding of the challenges and rewards before him. But Jan de
Langhe’s “Mandeville’ was not the only Flemish component contributing to
Columbus’ intellectual mosaic.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPOOAPmU9TEeLs8IcjkIhsZulme39h_olQVfQSb2Jt2rA1cdbzN06bw1HalA_ZUoX7r3hGdUsE06920hVdBcSySK-4L08IpsjUM8E9VDhZFMmLMZFZsQjSLlI6jgE3SuuURcSQP_huL7w/s1600/Mandeville+pic2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPOOAPmU9TEeLs8IcjkIhsZulme39h_olQVfQSb2Jt2rA1cdbzN06bw1HalA_ZUoX7r3hGdUsE06920hVdBcSySK-4L08IpsjUM8E9VDhZFMmLMZFZsQjSLlI6jgE3SuuURcSQP_huL7w/s400/Mandeville+pic2.jpg" width="285" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Details from Jan de Langhe of Ieper's Travels of John Mandeville</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Endnotes<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div id="edn1">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The presentation was filmed and can be viewed at:</span><a href="http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/videos/david-baeckelandt-at-the-2013-new-netherland-seminar/" style="background-color: white; color: #0068cf; cursor: pointer; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px;" target="_blank">http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/videos/david-baeckelandt-at-the-2013-new-netherland-seminar/</a></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This
powerpoint presentation also exists in Dutch as “Vlaamse Bijdragen tot de
Kolonisatie en de Ontdekking van Amerika” . Please contact me at debendevan @
hotmail.com if you wish to receive a
copy of these powerpoints.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Technically, Columbus Day is the 2<sup>nd</sup> Monday in October in the U.S.
However, Columbus landed on October 12, 1492 according to the Julian Calendar
then current. Adjusted for today’s Gregorian Calendar (not adopted in Spain,
Portugal, and the Low Countries until 1582-3), the date more correctly would be
October 21<sup>st</sup> . [Note: the difference between the Julian and actual
date widened by 11 minutes a year or 1 full days after every 134 years
(following the Nicean Council of 325 AD).] cf <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar</a>
and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar</a>.
Accessed October 13, 2013.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <a href="http://www.teachingheart.net/columbus.htm">http://www.teachingheart.net/columbus.htm</a>
. Accessed October 14, 2013.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, <u>1492: The Year the World Began</u>, (New York:
Harper Collins, 2010), pp.177-178.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “The
Moslems had ended their holy wars, which propagated the faith of Islam, when
the Christians began theirs.” William Elliot Griffis, <u>Belgium: The Land of
Art</u>, (Chautauqua, NY: Chautauqua Press, 1912), p.71. Curiously, it may have been Robert I, Count of Flanders (brother-in-law of William the Conqueror of England) who may have set the stage for the crusades during his pilgrimmage to the Holy Land from 1085-1091. His son and successor, Robert II, Count of Flanders, was one of the primary leaders of the First Crusade (which began in 1095).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“While it would be an exaggeration to say that the Crusades encouraged trading
contact between Western Europe and the Islamic World, via Italian merchant
‘states’ such as Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Ancona and others, Crusading warfare
rarely – and indeed only briefly – hindered trade across the religious
frontier. Even Acre itself, effectively the capital of the Crusading Kingdom of
Jerusalem from the late 12<sup>th</sup> century onwards, formed a vital link in
this economic network.”David Nicolle, <u>The Crusades</u>, (Oxford: Osprey,
2001), pp.62-63. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Eighty-two Ghent volunteers, clothed in black with white crosses painted on
front and a large “G” painted on back, embarked at Sluis on May 4, 1464. A
further 3,000 were said to have been marching east on June 6, 1464. Within the
year, the Flemish troops were back – and redirected against Christian
France. Richard Vaughn, <u>Philip the
Good</u>, (New York: Longman, 1970). Reprint (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2002),
pp.370-372.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Peter Frankopan, <u>De Eerste Kruistocht: De Roep uit het Oosten</u>, (Houten:
Spectrum, 2012), George Pape, trans., pp.79-80. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> A
three year famine hit Flanders from 1144 to 1147. P.161 in James Westfall
Thompson, “Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany”, in <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>, Vol. 24,
No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press
Stable URL: <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957">http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957</a>
. Accessed: 06/08/2013 08:53. For my attempt to bring some order to the
embedded facts, please see my “The Flemish Origins of German Americans” blog
post here: <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2012/02/flemish-origins-of-german-americans.html">http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2012/02/flemish-origins-of-german-americans.html</a></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“The furious racial and religious war which broke out in 1147, known as the
Wendish Crusade, devastated the whole eastern frontier of Saxon Germany from
Magdeburg to Holstein…The effect of the Wendish Crusade in I I47 was to open
large tracts of border land to occupation which hitherto had been still
precariously held by the Slavs, and a wave of Dutch and Flemish settlers
followed.”p.173 in James Westfall Thompson, “Dutch and Flemish Colonization in
Mediaeval Germany”, in <i>American Journal
of Sociology</i>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The
University of Chicago Press Stable URL: <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957">http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957</a>
. Accessed: 06/08/2013 08:53. For my attempt to bring some order to the
embedded facts, please see my “The Flemish Origins of German Americans” blog
post here: <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2012/02/flemish-origins-of-german-americans.html">http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2012/02/flemish-origins-of-german-americans.html</a></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref12" name="_edn12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Curiously, the Kingdom of Portugal marks its beginning as 1143 (when Alfonso
announced his kingship). This is almost the exact date when the Crusader states
in the eastern Mediterranean reached their greatest extent in 1144. For a
nicely crafted map of the later, please see David Nicolle, <u>The Crusades</u>,
(Oxford: Osprey, 2001), opposite page 47. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref13" name="_edn13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Baldwin IX was “One of the great French feudal lords, [and] perhaps the most
powerful vassal of the King of France.” Robert Lee Wolff, “Baldwin of Flanders
and Hainaut, First Latin Emperor of Constantinople: His Life, Death, and
Resurrection, 1172-1225”, <i>Speculum: A Journal of Mediaeval Studies, </i>Vol.
27, No. 3 (Jul., 1952), pp. 281-322; p.281. Published by: <a href="http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=medacad">Medieval
Academy of America</a><u> </u> Article
Stable URL:<a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2853088">http://</a><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2853088">www.jstor.org</a><a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2853088">/stable/2853088</a> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref14" name="_edn14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Although most of Europe considered the Western European attack and sack of
Constantinople in 1202 a travesty, Baldwin IX had a very different opinion.
“’This was done by the Lord, and it is a miracle above all miracles.’” Baldwin, Count of Flanders & First Latin
Emperor of Byzantium, after the storming of Constantinople.</span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In Jonathan Phillips, <u>The Fourth Crusade: and the
Sack of Constantinople</u>, (New York: Penguin, 2004) p.xvi</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn15">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref15" name="_edn15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="line-height: 115%;"> “For nearly sixty years [1203-1261] the city [of
Constantinople] became the ‘Latin Empire of Constantinople’ , ruled by the
Count of Flanders and his successors.” Roger Crowley, <u>Constantinople: The
Last Great Siege, 1453</u>, (London: Faber & Faber, 2003), p.28 <span style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn16">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref16" name="_edn16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
A Flemish priest converted Norway to Christianity in the 990s. Flemings
participated in overwhelming numbers in the 1066 so-called “Norman” Conquest of
England. Flemish emigrants found homes in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland
in the 1100s. They were enticed into France, Germany, Iberia and elsewhere in
the 1200s. Again to England and even Greenland in the 1300s and possibly even
Newfoundland, Labrador and – as we shall see – the Azores in the 1400s. Please
see my “Flemish Contributions to the Discovery and Settlement of America” and
my blog posts at <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogpost.com/">http://flemishamerican.blogpost.com</a>
. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn17">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref17" name="_edn17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendermonde">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendermonde</a>
Accessed October 15, 2013.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn18">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref18" name="_edn18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="line-height: 115%;"> “In the aftermath of the conquest,
the prospect of land and money had attracted people…such as Stephen of
Tenremonde [Dendermonde], a Fleming.” Jonathan Phillips, <u>The Fourth Crusade:
and the Sack of Constantinople</u>, (New York: Penguin, 2004) p.306<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn19">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref19" name="_edn19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Steven A. Epstein, <u>Genoa and the Genoese, 958-1528</u>, (Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 1996), p.143.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn20">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref20" name="_edn20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="line-height: 115%;"> “In 1277, the first of the Genoese
Atlantic galleys sailed out of the Mediterranean and then through the English
Channel into the North Sea and moored at the Flemish city of Sluis, the outport
of Brugge [Bruges]. Brugge began its
career as the new hub of international trade between northern and southern
Europe.” Wim Blockmans & Walter Prevenier, <u>The Promised Lands:
The Low Countries Under Burgundian Rule, 1369-1530</u>, (Philadelphia: U of PA
Press, 1999), p.6. One of the most dominant merchant families in Genoa – and de
facto lord of many of these overseas Genoan colonies, was the Zaccaria family.
It is this family who controlled the Phocaea alum deposits so critical to the
dyeing of cloth. See </span>Steven A. Epstein, <u>Genoa and the Genoese,
958-1528</u>, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), pp.144,
177-184.<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn21">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref21" name="_edn21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
They also brought unique financial instruments. “Thus we find the Genoese
Benedetto Zaccaria selling, in 1298, to his [Genoese] compatriots Enrico Suppa
and Baliano Grilli 650 <i>cantari</i> of
alum – more than thirty tons – that a ship was getting ready to transport from
Aigues-Mortes to Bruges by way of the direct sea route that until recently
[1277] had filled the Italians with alarm. Zaccaria agreed from the moment of
signing to buy back the alum in question as soon as it arrived in Bruges. The
price of the repurchase was agreed to in advance: naturally it would be higher
than the price of the sale. The difference between the two prices would be what
it cost Zaccaria to limit his risks: between Aigues-Morte and Bruges he was
risking nothing other than his boat….Selling alum in Aigues-Morte did not yield
the money for repurchase in Bruges. In Bruges, Suppa and Grilli thus lent
Zaccaria the sum needed for him to buy back the cargo from them. The loan was
effected by a bill of exchange, payable in Genoa….It was a complex operation,
involving both insurance and credit. Zaccaria had risked only his ship. For
several months he had had the benefit of the price of a cargo of alum that he
had sold for ready money and bought back on credit in order to sell it again
for cash. As for Suppa and Grilli, they had earned 26 percent, more than twice
the simple lending rate, in a credit operation without risk.” Jean Favier, <u>Gold
& Spices: The Rise of Commerce in the Middle Ages</u>, Caroline Higgit,
trans., (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1998), pp. 254-255. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn22">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref22" name="_edn22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“Flemish cloth was being traded [by the 12<sup>th</sup> century] in Winchester,
Novgorod and at the fairs of Champagne.” Paul Ablaster, <u>A History of the Low
Countries</u>, (New York: Palgrave, 2006), p.58.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn23">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref23" name="_edn23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“Cloth of one sort or another was made in many places, but the chief areas of
manufacture were in northern Italy, northern France, Flanders, Brabant,
Holland, and eastern England. Of these areas, Flanders was by far the most
important. Other manufacturing areas prospered in so far as their products were
complementary to those of Flanders, and could be marketed there; indeed, the
clothing areas together formed a more or less continuous region held together –
despite constant internal friction – by geography, by economic interdependence,
and by easy and cheap transport by sea and river.” E.E. Rich & C.H. Wilson, et.al., eds., <u>The
Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Volume 4: The Economy of Expanding Europe
in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries</u>, (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1967), p.173.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn24">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref24" name="_edn24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“<span lang="NL">To a very considerable extent, the
precocious economic development, extensive urbanisation, and wealth of medieval
Flanders, was based upon the production and extensive export of a wide range of
essentially woolen-based textiles, from relatively cheap mass consumption
products, e.g. the coarse and light <i>says,
biffes, </i> etc.) to extremely expensive
and also very heavy woolen broadcloths, the most luxurious of which, the
kermes-dyed <i>scarlets</i>, rivalled the
best Italian silks in elegance, quality, and price.</span>” John Munro,
“Textiles as Articles of Consumption in Flemish Towns, 1330-1575,” Working
Paper, June 18, 1998, NUMBER UT-ECIPA-MUNRO5-98-04, p.2. <a href="http://www.economics.utoronto.ca/public/workingPapers/UT-ECIPA-MUNRO-98-04.pdf">http://www.economics.utoronto.ca/public/workingPapers/UT-ECIPA-MUNRO-98-04.pdf</a> Accessed October 12, 2013.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn25">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref25" name="_edn25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“As late as 1516 Archbishop Valkendorf was making plans to sponsor a trading
voyage to Greenland. It would be hard to explain the archbishop’s eagerness to
cash in on Greenland wares if the bottom had dropped out of the market for most
of what Greenland had to offer as early as the beginning of the fourteenth
century. It would be equally hard to explain why Hakon V Magnusson made a
five-year trade treaty with Flanders in 1308 if Norway no longer needed to
market luxury goods. What were the most important luxury goods that came from
Greenland? Walrus ivory was one, and we have already seen that it was a
Flanders merchant who bought the walrus ivory that came in from Greenland in
1327. The other was the white gyrfalcons called Greenland falcons because they
were almost never found elsewhere. It is probably safe to assume that neither
ivory nor gyrfalcons were ever traded cheek-by-jowl with codfish and sheepskins
in the Bergen market. Difficult to catch
even in Greenland, gyrfalcons were worth a fortune by the time they reached
Europe; the Duke of Burgundy is said to have ransomed his son from the Saracens
as late as [in] 1396 for twelve Greenland falcons.” Kristen Seaver, <u>The
Frozen Echo: Greenland and the Exploration of North America, ca. A.D. 1000-1500
</u>, (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1997), pp.82-83.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn26">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref26" name="_edn26" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“The price paid by [the Hanse city of]
Lubbeck to the Holy Roman Emperor as tribute in the 14th century – was 12
hawks. While seemingly a modest demand, the contemporary open market price for
these hawks was equal to 50 tons of cereal grains. This foodstuffs supply could
feed as many as 200 adults for a full year.” Klaus Friedland, “The
Hanseatic League and HanseTowns in the
Early Penetration of the North”, <u>Arctic</u>, Vol. 37, No. 4 (December,
1964), p. 540.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn27">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref27" name="_edn27" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
From the Wikipedia article on the castle at Wynendaele: “The castle of
Wijnendale was built by Count of Flanders Robert of Friesland in the late XIth
century, according to a later chronicle. The oldest contemporary source
mentioning the castle is the diary of Gaalbert of <a href="http://flagspot.net/flags/be-vwvbr.html">Bruges</a>, dated 1127. The castle
was often used as a residence by the Counts in the XII-XIIIth centuries; Count
Philip of Alsace stayed there with his Council in 1168, while a chaplain, and
thus a chapel, was mentioned for the first time in 1187. In 1297, Count Gwijde
of Dampierre set up in the castle an alliance with King of England Edward I.<br />
In 1298, the castle of Wijnendale was transferred to the Counts of <a href="http://flagspot.net/flags/be-wnana.html">Namur</a>, a junior branch of
the House of Dampierre. The castle was severely damaged after the Battle of the
Golden Spurs (1302) and the Coastal Flanders Uprising (1325), but it was
rebuilt, so that the family of Namur often stayed in the castle until 1366. In
1407, Count of Namur John III sold the castle to Duke of Burgundy John
Fearless, who transferred it three years later to his son-in-law, Count (and
Duke in 1417) Adolf II of Cleves.</span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Wijnendale was transferred in 1463 to the junior branch
of the House of Cleves, the lords of Ravenstein. Philip the Handsome described
the castle as "the most beautiful vacation residence in Flanders".
During a hunting party in Wijnendale, Countess Mary of Burgundy fell down from
her horse and died. Her successor, Maximilian of Austria, caused a revolt in
the Low Countries; after Philip of Cleves had taken the insurgents' party, the
castle of Wijnendale was sacked by German soldiers in 1488. The pride of the
domain, the wealthy horse stables, were completely burned. Philip rebuilt the
castle immediately. After 1528, Wijnendale was reincorporated in the
possessions of the senior branch of the House of Cleves; the Dukes of Cleves
did not stay there permanently but welcomed several guests, including Emperor
Karl V and Governor of the Low Countries Mary of Hungary.<br />
In the second half of the XVIth century, the Dukes of Cleves progressively
abandoned the castle of Wijnendale; after the Wars of Religion and the uprising
against the Spanish rule, the castle was plundered in 1578 and its donjon was
burned down. The oldest known images of the castle dates from that period, that
is a detail on the map of the Brugse Vrije made by Pieter Pourbus in 1568 and
an anonymous drawing dated 1612, once (mis?)attributed to Jan Bruegel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The [mentally diminished] Duke Johan Willem of Cleves
died in 1609 without a heir. Several German princes competed for his
succession. In 1614, the Agreement of Xanten granted the domain of Wijnendale
to Duke Wolfgang Willem van Palts-Neuburg. However, Emperor Rudolf II had
awarded in 1610 the domain of Wijnendale to Christian II, Prince-Elector of
Saxe. Christian II lived in the castle until 1634, when the Court of <a href="http://flagspot.net/flags/be-bxlbr.html">Brussels</a> definitively
allocated Wijnendale to the Dukes of Palts-Neuburg. They kept the domain and
the castle until 1669, and again from 1690 to 1795. The castle was seized by
the French troops in 1668 and 1675, and then by the Spanish troops in 1676,
1689 and 1690. The same year, the French seized again the castle, burning the
bridge, the chapel and the prison. The whole was rebuilt in 1699-1700.”
Accessed August 10, 2013.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn28">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref28" name="_edn28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The Crusaders began to lose territory around Edessa to Imad al-Din Zangi in
1144 AD. See the superb map, “The Crusader States at their greatest extent, c.
AD 1144” in David Nicolle, <u>The Crusades</u>, (Oxford: Osprey, 2001), p.46.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn29">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref29" name="_edn29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Jonathan Phillips, <u>The Fourth Crusade: and the Sack of Constantinople</u>,
(New York: Penguin, 2004) p.305.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn30">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref30" name="_edn30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “Prior
to the twelfth century, literacy was
almost exclusively the province of churchmen.” Jonathan Phillips, <u>The
Fourth Crusade: and the Sack of Constantinople</u>, (New York: Penguin, 2004)
p.xvi.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn31">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref31" name="_edn31" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
For example, it was another Flemish monk who is generally linked to the
‘discovery’ and translation of Aristotle’s works – which influenced west
European philosophy and thought. “Willem
van Moerbeke, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order">O.P.</a>,(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moerbeke">Moerbeke</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraardsbergen">Geraardsbergen</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215">1215</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinth">Corinth</a>, circa <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1286">1286</a>) known in the English
speaking world as William of
Moerbeke was a prolific medieval translator of philosophical,
medical, and scientific texts from Greek into Latin. His translations were influential in his day, when few competing
translations were available, and, more to the point, are still respected by
modern scholars….He undertook a complete translation of the works
of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle">Aristotle</a> or,
for some portions, a revision of existing translations. Van Moerbeke was the
first translator of the <i>Politics</i> (c. 1260) from Greek into
Latin….Moerbeke's translations have had
a long history; they were already standard classics by the 14th century,
when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henricus_Hervodius&action=edit&redlink=1">Henricus</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henricus_Hervodius&action=edit&redlink=1">
</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henricus_Hervodius&action=edit&redlink=1">Hervodius</a> put
his finger on their enduring value: they were literal (<i>de verbo in verbo</i>),
faithful to the spirit of Aristotle and <i>without elegance.</i> For several
of William's translations, the Greek texts have since disappeared: without him
the works would be lost. William also translated mathematical treatises
by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria">Hero of
Alexandria</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes">Archimedes</a>.
Especially important was his translation of the<i>Theological Elements</i> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclus">Proclus</a> (made in 1268),
because the <i>Theological Elements</i> is one of the fundamental
sources of the revived <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Platonic">Neo-Platonic</a> philosophical
currents of the 13th century.” <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Moerbeke">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Moerbeke</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century</a>
, downloaded April 9, 2012 </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn32">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref32" name="_edn32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“Given the restricted levels of literacy, messages to religious houses were often the main conduit of news to the
West.” Jonathan Phillips, <u>The Fourth Crusade: and the Sack of
Constantinople</u>, (New York: Penguin, 2004) p.19.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn33">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref33" name="_edn33" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“Rubruck was born in 1215 and died in
1270. He went to the East as an envoy of Louis IX (St. Louis) of France, who
learning that Sartach, son of Batu the
commander of Tartar troops in Russia, had become a Christian, desired to
open communications with him.” Manuel Komroff, ed., <u>Contemporaries of
Marco Polo</u>, (New York: Dorset Press, 1989), p.52.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn34">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref34" name="_edn34" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Today Soldaia is known as Sudak. Toby Lester, <u>The Fourth Part of the World:
The Race to the Ends of the Earth, and the Epic Story of the Map That Gave
America Its Name</u>, (New York: Free Press, 2009), p.61.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn35">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref35" name="_edn35" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Toby Lester, <u>The Fourth Part of the World: The Race to the Ends of the
Earth, and the Epic Story of the Map That Gave America Its Name</u>, (New York:
Free Press, 2009), p.61.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn36">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref36" name="_edn36" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Toby Lester, <u>The Fourth Part of the World: The Race to the Ends of the
Earth, and the Epic Story of the Map That Gave America Its Name</u>, (New York:
Free Press, 2009), p.66.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn37">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref37" name="_edn37" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Toby Lester, <u>The Fourth Part of the World: The Race to the Ends of the
Earth, and the Epic Story of the Map That Gave America Its Name</u>, (New York:
Free Press, 2009), p.68.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn38">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref38" name="_edn38" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Toby Lester claims that Rubruck was dispatched on “the first expressly
evangelical mission to the Mongols.” But this is contrary to the stated purpose
and Rubruck’s own report. See Toby Lester, <u>The Fourth Part of the World: The
Race to the Ends of the Earth, and the Epic Story of the Map That Gave America
Its Name</u>, (New York: Free Press, 2009), p.61.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn39">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref39" name="_edn39" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xxxix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Toby Lester, <u>The Fourth Part of the World: The Race to the Ends of the
Earth, and the Epic Story of the Map That Gave America Its Name</u>, (New York:
Free Press, 2009), p.79.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn40">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref40" name="_edn40" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xl]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Toby
Lester, <u>The Fourth Part of the World: The Race to the Ends of the Earth, and
the Epic Story of the Map That Gave America Its Name</u>, (New York: Free
Press, 2009), p.63.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn41">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref41" name="_edn41" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xli]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Winius, <u>Foundations of the Portuguese Empire,
1415-1580</u>, Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion, Volume I, (St.
Paul: University of Minnesota, 1977) , p.129. Other scholars state that this
first known portolan dates from ca 1290. See Richard W. Unger, “The Northern
Mediterranean. Economic contacts and cultural exchange over the North Sea and
Baltic 1550-1750”, XIV International
Economic History Congress - Helsinki,
SESSION 36, Helsinki, Finland - August, 2006, p.25, <a href="http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers1/Unger.pdf">http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers1/Unger.pdf</a> Accessed August 17, 2013.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn42">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref42" name="_edn42" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“The earliest specimen [sea chart] extant is at present the chart of Petrus
Vesconti dated 1311.” Lloyd A. Brown, <u>The Story of Maps</u>, (New York:
Dover, 1977); reprint of the 1949 edition; p.121.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn43">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref43" name="_edn43" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xliii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Wilcomb E. Washburn (ed.), <u>Proceedings of the Vinland Map Conference</u>,
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), p. 93.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn44">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref44" name="_edn44" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xliv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“Willem van Moerbeke, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order">O.P.</a>,(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moerbeke">Moerbeke</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraardsbergen">Geraardsbergen</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1215">1215</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinth">Corinth</a>, circa <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1286">1286</a>) known in the English
speaking world as William of
Moerbeke was a prolific medieval translator of philosophical,
medical, and scientific texts from Greek into Latin. His translations were influential in his day, when few competing
translations were available, and, more to the point, are still respected by
modern scholars….He undertook a complete translation of the works
of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle">Aristotle</a> or,
for some portions, a revision of existing translations. Van Moerbeke was the
first translator of the <i>Politics</i> (c. 1260) from Greek into
Latin….Moerbeke's translations have had
a long history; they were already standard classics by the 14th century,
when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henricus_Hervodius&action=edit&redlink=1">Henricus</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henricus_Hervodius&action=edit&redlink=1">
</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henricus_Hervodius&action=edit&redlink=1">Hervodius</a> put
his finger on their enduring value: they were literal (<i>de verbo in verbo</i>),
faithful to the spirit of Aristotle and <i>without elegance.</i> For
several of William's translations, the Greek texts have since disappeared:
without him the works would be lost. William also translated mathematical
treatises by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria">Hero
of Alexandria</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes">Archimedes</a>. Especially
important was his translation of the<i>Theological Elements</i> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclus">Proclus</a> (made in 1268),
because the <i>Theological Elements</i> is one of the fundamental
sources of the revived <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Platonic">Neo-Platonic</a> philosophical
currents of the 13th century.” - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Moerbeke">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Moerbeke</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century</a>
, Accessed April 9, 2012.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn45">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref45" name="_edn45" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
John Fines, “Roger Bacon”, pp-29-30 in <u>Who’s Who in the Middle Ages</u>,
(New York: Barnes & Noble, 1995), p.29.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn46">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref46" name="_edn46" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
John Fines, “Roger Bacon”, pp-29-30 in <u>Who’s Who in the Middle Ages</u>,
(New York: Barnes & Noble, 1995), p.29.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn47">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref47" name="_edn47" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, & Lu Gwei-Djen, <u>Science and Civilisation in
China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical technology, Part 7, Military
Technology: The Gunpowder Epic</u>, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1986), p.48. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn48">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref48" name="_edn48" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
See John F. Guilmartin, “The Most Important Military Innovations” [table],
p.223 in Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker, eds., <u>The Reader’s Companion to
Military History</u>, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn49">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref49" name="_edn49" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[xlix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The earliest written reference to the formula for gunpowder appears in the <u><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">武經總要</span></span></u><u><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">;<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em><span style="font-size: x-small;">Wǔjīng </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Zǒngyào</span></em></span></u><em><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 8pt;">,</span></em> aka ”Collection of the Most Important Military Techniques”
written in the year 1044. Please see Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, & Lu
Gwei-Djen, <u>Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and
Chemical technology, Part 7, Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic</u>,
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p.82. NOTE: in many secondary
citations this reference from Needham is listed incorrectly as page 83. <em><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 8pt;"> </span></em></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn50">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref50" name="_edn50" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[l]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
John Fines, “Roger Bacon”, pp-29-30 in <u>Who’s Who in the Middle Ages</u>,
(New York: Barnes & Noble, 1995), p.30.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn51">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref51" name="_edn51" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[li]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> James
Chambers, <u>The Devil’s Horseman: The Mongol Invasion of Europe</u>, (New
York: Atheneum, 1979), p.52.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn52">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref52" name="_edn52" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[lii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
These include attacks witnessed by a Russian archbishop in 1244 as well as in
the Mongol military campaigns against Persia from 1253 onwards. Joseph Needham,
Ho Ping-Yu, & Lu Gwei-Djen, <u>Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5,
Chemistry and Chemical technology, Part 7, Military Technology: The Gunpowder
Epic</u>, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p.572, note e.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn53">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref53" name="_edn53" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[liii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Please see Joseph Needham, Ho Ping-Yu, & Lu Gwei-Djen, <u>Science and
Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical technology, Part 7,
Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic</u>, (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1986), p.573, note d. Supposedly this escort’s name was Chi-Wu-Wen.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn54">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref54" name="_edn54" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[liv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “William
of Rubruck was, therefore, the first European to record his impressions of the
Mongol capital.” James Chambers, <u>The Devil’s Horseman: The Mongol Invasion
of Europe</u>, (New York: Atheneum, 1979), p.139.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn55">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref55" name="_edn55" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[lv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “No one traveler since his [William of Rubruck’s] day has done half so
much to give a correct knowledge of this
part of Asia.” Historian William Rockhill, quoted in Manuel Komroff,
ed., <u>Contemporaries of Marco Polo</u>, (New York: Dorset Press, 1989), p.
xix.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn56">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref56" name="_edn56" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[lvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Although I would love for Marco Polo to have been influenced by a Flemish
notary, as Professor Favier suggests below, I have found no corresponding
verification. The passage, for completeness sake: “The Flemish notary Brunetto
Latini chose to write his encyclopedia of c. 1260, <i>Li livre dou tresor</i>, in the <i>langue
d’oil</i>, and it was used in 1298 by the Pisan notary Rusticello for his <i>Devisement</i>, the adventures of a Venetian
traveler, one Marco Polo, whom he had met by chance and to whom the book has
always subsequently been attributed.”Jean Favier, <u>Gold & Spices: The
Rise of Commerce in the Middle Ages</u>, Caroline Higgit, trans., (New York:
Holmes & Meier, 1998), p. 56. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn57">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref57" name="_edn57" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[lvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“His description of the islands on the way to the East is clear and specific,
as is his account of the Venetian and Genoese trading posts of Tana and Caffa
on the Black Sea, adding that the sea
voyage from Flanders to Tana is ‘half the world’, while few westerners
go there by Land because of the dangers of the trip, for the oncoming Turks now
controlled much of This territory.” - Margaret Wade LeBarge, <u>Medieval Travelers: The Rich and the
Restless</u>, (1982) p. 11. Moreover, “He [William of Rubruck] was the first to give us [Europeans] an accurate
description of Chinese writing as well as of the scripts of other Eastern
races.” Manuel Komroff, ed., <u>Contemporaries of Marco Polo</u>, (New
York: Dorset Press, 1989), p. xix </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn58">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref58" name="_edn58" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[lviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="line-height: 115%;"> Rubruck “was also the first to tell about the various Christian communities<b> </b>that
he found in the Mongol empire.” Manuel Komroff, ed., <u>Contemporaries of Marco
Polo</u>, (New York: Dorset Press, 1989), p. xix <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn59">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref59" name="_edn59" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[lix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
There are claims that the concept of Prester John existed prior to Rubruck’s
authorship but I have only seen that in one source (with no citations): “The
legend of Prester John gained its greatest circulation with the publication,
about 1165, of a letter purporting to have been sent by him to the Byzantine
Emperor Manuel, of which almost 100 versions exist – or did before the First
World War.” Eric Newby, <u>The Rand McNally World Atlas of Exploration</u>,
(Chicago: Rand McNally, 1975), p.72.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn60">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref60" name="_edn60" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[lx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “To
return to the Netherlands, a far greater personage than John of Hese (or John
of Utrecht) was John of Ypres or "Long John" (Jan De Langhe), who was
abbot of the Benedictine house of St. Omer until his death in 1383. Long John was one of the first to appreciate
the pregnancy of geographical discoveries and to collect travelers' accounts;
this is very remarkable because the
golden age of scientific discoveries had not yet begun (the usher of it was the
Portuguese infante Henrique o Navegador, who was born only eleven years after
Long John's death).“George Sarton,<a href="http://www.archive.org/details/introductiontoth010910mbp">Introduction</a><a href="http://www.archive.org/details/introductiontoth010910mbp"> To The History
Of Science Volume III Part II Science And Learning In The Fourteenth </a><a href="http://www.archive.org/details/introductiontoth010910mbp">Century</a>,
(Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1948) p.10. Parenthetically, George Sarton,
a Belgian, is the founder (for lack of a better term) of the subdiscipline of
history focused on the evolution of scientific thought and achievement.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn61">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref61" name="_edn61" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[lxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “The
sheer number of surviving manuscripts is testament to Mandeville’s popularity:
more than 300 handwritten copies of <i>The Travels </i>still exist in
Europe’s great libraries – four times the number of Marco Polo’s book.” Giles
Milton, <u>The Riddle and The Knight: In Search of Sir John Mandeville</u>,
(London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2001), p.3.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn62">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref62" name="_edn62" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[lxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
James Chambers, <u>The Devil’s Horseman: The Mongol Invasion of Europe</u>,
(New York: Atheneum, 1979), p.166. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn63">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref63" name="_edn63" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[lxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="line-height: 115%;"> Margaret Wade LeBarge, <u>Medieval Travelers: The Rich and the
Restless</u>, (1982) p. 11<u> </u><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn64">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref64" name="_edn64" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[lxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Giles Milton, <u>The Riddle and The Knight: In Search of Sir John
Mandeville</u>, (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2001), p. 3.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn65">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref65" name="_edn65" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[lxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
However, as early as 1450 a Bavarian monk called the Mandeville tale
unreliable. John Larner, “Plucking Hairs from the Great Cham’s Beard: Marco
Polo, Jan de Langhe, and Sir John Mandeville,” pp. 133-155 in <u>Marco Polo and
the Encounter of East and West</u>, Suzanne Conklin Akbari and Amilcare
Ianucci, eds., (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008), p.145.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn66">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref66" name="_edn66" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[lxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
John Larner, “Plucking Hairs from the Great Cham’s Beard: Marco Polo, Jan de
Langhe, and Sir John Mandeville,” pp. 133-155 in <u>Marco Polo and the
Encounter of East and West</u>, Suzanne Conklin Akbari and Amilcare Ianucci,
eds., (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008), pp.146-148.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn67">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20Columbus%20Pt2%20Blog.docx#_ednref67" name="_edn67" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[lxvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
John Larner, “Plucking Hairs from the Great Cham’s Beard: Marco Polo, Jan de Langhe,
and Sir John Mandeville,” pp. 133-155 in <u>Marco Polo and the Encounter of
East and West</u>, Suzanne Conklin Akbari and Amilcare Ianucci, eds., (Toronto:
University of Toronto Press, 2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Copyright 2013 by David Baeckelandt. All rights reserved. No reproduction permitted in any form without my express, written permission. </i></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-62300009114005199212013-12-06T22:11:00.001-06:002013-12-29T09:42:59.063-06:00The Flemish Influence on Sinterklaas in America<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjXcOS3gDk5aL7pAR0PGQ8A-22A_gxXPX_rXHWk4NU4HiUkqKDXTJLfVsJU8xvyFMaIJbaGmwP914VIoTONfgTzPr4ZC7XgVpjfo9c-v-CZNppcgCe0xxAMM9r331wRO5s_y2QcBQgUik/s1600/Tales+of+Holland+p89.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjXcOS3gDk5aL7pAR0PGQ8A-22A_gxXPX_rXHWk4NU4HiUkqKDXTJLfVsJU8xvyFMaIJbaGmwP914VIoTONfgTzPr4ZC7XgVpjfo9c-v-CZNppcgCe0xxAMM9r331wRO5s_y2QcBQgUik/s320/Tales+of+Holland+p89.jpg" width="303" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 19.2pt;">On December 6th, children in Flanders receive gifts. These gifts
ostensibly come from Sint Nicolaas – the individual we call “Saint Nicholas”.
The festival and the main character are called (in Dutch) “Sinterklaas” – the
original version of the American word that became “Santa Claus”. With the aid
of his Moor assistant, Zwarte Piet (“Black Pete”), Sinterklaas delivers gifts
to good children and leaves coal in the stockings of naughty children.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most references to the origin of Sinterklaas in America point to
New Netherland as the source of this custom. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But most historians say that Santa Claus as a concept did not
gain broad acceptance in the U.S. until well into the 19th century. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Of course, since New
Netherland was ostensibly Dutch, most writers and historians have assumed that
the holiday was transported over by settlers from Holland. But for the
hard-core Calvinists (the only religion officially permitted in New Netherland
in the mid-17<sup>th</sup> century) such celebrations were at odds with the
austere form of Christianity they practiced. The Sinterklaas tradition had
strong Catholic origins, which of course made it anathema to 17th century convicted
Calvinists. Fortunately for 21<sup>st</sup> century retail merchants, key
members of the Dutch Reformed Church in Nieuw Nederland who had roots in
officially Catholic Flanders, were unwilling to give up their cultural
traditions.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One of these prominent individuals was Annetje Loockermans (</span><a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2011/03/anna-loockermans-flemish-mother-of.html"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">whose story I have told earlier here</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">). Annetje was the
sister of Govert Loockermans, who was not only the richest man in North America
when he died in 1670, but was also a prominent municipal leader and member of
the Dutch Reformed (=Calvinist) Church in New Netherland. A 19<sup>th</sup>
century writer/descendant (Mrs. Van Rensselaer) claims that Annetje Loockermans
led the “petticoat government” of New netherland after she arrived here in 1642.
Although Calvinists in America, Annetje, her brother Govert, and several of her
other brothers were born and baptized Catholic at Sint Pieterskerk in the
Brabantian town of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnhout"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Turnhout</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (part of today’s province of Antwerp). While
growing up in Flanders, the Loockermans most certainly observed (outwardly)
Catholic feastdays, since Turnhout remained officially (and exclusively)
Catholic.. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1P1-eYaFzRFTEXv5cW4iev5ZM4BEIEfMSELMfIR29KX5nIFl5Y4hGtE9MK4lT3fKs8jFdL0RSJHrnIDb3y-Np-i5sTSVIClHTPY8zloSVIffp2loefAh3TS0VA4qU_awBBRrhWzjmotc/s1600/Small+baker_page.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1P1-eYaFzRFTEXv5cW4iev5ZM4BEIEfMSELMfIR29KX5nIFl5Y4hGtE9MK4lT3fKs8jFdL0RSJHrnIDb3y-Np-i5sTSVIClHTPY8zloSVIffp2loefAh3TS0VA4qU_awBBRrhWzjmotc/s1600/Small+baker_page.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Once in America, Annetje married Olaf van Courtlandt and her
children led the Netherlandic colony culturally, politically and economically.
Her daughter Maria married Jeremias van Rensselaer who was the son
of Kiliaen, the “patroon” or </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiliaen_van_Rensselaer_(merchant)"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">founder of Rensselaerswyck</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> a feudal manor
whose privileges later made it an anomaly in the egalitarian United States.
Maria, who was according to a contemporary, beautiful but crippled, married at
the age of 17. When her husband died unexpectedly, the young widow raised her
children and kept the patroonship profitable. Naturally, like any daughter, she
also kept the traditions alive she had picked up from her Flemish mother
Annetje originating in Turnhout.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The earliest evidence of any practice related to Sinterklaas is
found in the New York State archives. A surviving receipt from Wouter de Backer
(Walter the Baker) to Maria van Rensselaer in 1675, (please see the embedded
picture, 9<sup>th</sup> line from the bottom), says that in addition to cookies
("koeken"), Mrs. Van Rensselaer purchased 2 guilders and 10 stijvers
worth of ‘sunterclaes’ (Sinterklaas) "goet" ["goodies"]. Please
see an excerpt above and the</span><a href="http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/mssc/vrm/bakers_account.htm"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> actual scanned image here</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. It is from this
discarded bakery receipt that America – and the world – finds the earliest
reference to “Sinterklaas” in America.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_rVZQffDUWo3WmoB9vzxu0NrgYeVReyKvugcPUEpPmfQF8F1957r7JRclQ6JNKWQU2IlM_vQB8eFALeydoxrXMSV4gH7doxP0frMF1EPsdu1cYUrGB_dNXMeW3yAk00-aLY1_RiyWihU/s1600/Sinterklaas+receipt-sm1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_rVZQffDUWo3WmoB9vzxu0NrgYeVReyKvugcPUEpPmfQF8F1957r7JRclQ6JNKWQU2IlM_vQB8eFALeydoxrXMSV4gH7doxP0frMF1EPsdu1cYUrGB_dNXMeW3yAk00-aLY1_RiyWihU/s320/Sinterklaas+receipt-sm1.jpg" width="182" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Later, other descendants of Annetje Loockermans carried the
Sinterklaas theme even further. Annetje’s son, the half-Flemish <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_Van_Cortlandt"><span style="color: #999999; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Stephanus</span></a>, became
the first native-born mayor of New York City. Stephanus’ great-great-great
granddaughter was a young woman named Catherine Elizabeth Taylor. Catherine’s
mother Elizabeth Van Courtlandt grew up in the tight-knit Upper Hudson Valley
community and attended the Dutch-language church services of the Dutch Reformed
Church. Although Catherine also married outside this Dutch-language community,
her husband, Clement Clarke Moore, was keenly interested in the history and
traditions of the settlers of New Netherland. He shared this interest with two
other prominent friends: John Pintard and Washington Irving. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most historians trace the modern, popular
appreciation of Santa Claus back to these three change agents:</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Clarke_Moore"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Clement Clarke Moore</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pintard"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">John Pintard</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, and</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Washington
Irving</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Washington Irving, while not descended from the settlers of New Netherland
himself, grew up in Manhattan in the 1780s – at that time a place where a part
of the population still spoke Dutch. When an epidemic hit New York City in
1798, Irving was invited to stay with a friend who lived near Sleepy Hollow,
New York in the Upper Hudson Valley. There Irving and his close friend became
fascinated with the local tales of the Dutch-speaking inhabitants. Soon
afterwards they began transcribing and publishing these tales.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In his 1809 book</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A History of New York From the Beginning of the World to the End
of the Dutch Dynasty</span></u><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Washington Irving
popularized these tales and coined such terms as “Gotham” and “Knickerbocker”. While intended as a satire, the book was
remarkably detailed on New Netherland history, Dutch language and customs to
pass as legitimate history to the masses. Moreover, Irving's prose (then and
even today) was engaging enough to become a best-seller of the time (and to
remain popular well into the 20th century).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ5fvYHk-bX93PKizAYJFh2ggk9O1a6Vr1HPSVyovZFpsF1-r2DStLDkJwVvOeKeYz4JM-Ud_juvb_726-_4DyLYSZyLlszdyh3tJvUeCB-QwHYYJBpLAirb21jVH3DpswSJjwczrOkME/s1600/405px-St_Nicholas_by_John_Pintard_%25281810%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ5fvYHk-bX93PKizAYJFh2ggk9O1a6Vr1HPSVyovZFpsF1-r2DStLDkJwVvOeKeYz4JM-Ud_juvb_726-_4DyLYSZyLlszdyh3tJvUeCB-QwHYYJBpLAirb21jVH3DpswSJjwczrOkME/s320/405px-St_Nicholas_by_John_Pintard_%25281810%2529.jpg" width="216" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Irving's story popularized St. Nicholas - pronounced Sinterklaas
- from an obscure ethnic holiday celebrated by a shrinking circle of ethnic
Dutch-speakers to something tied into New York's Dutch origins. In particular,
and as it pertains to our story here, Irving focused on the interaction between
St. Nicholas and the patriarch of the Van Courtlandt [although he spelled it
"Van Kortlandt"] family. In it St. Nicholas appears in dreams to Van
Kortlandt. Irving also shares a description of St. Nicholas' Feast Day as
celebrated by the Dutch-speakers of New Netherland (please see Washington
Irving, <u>Knickerbocker's History of New York</u>, edited by Anne Carroll
Moore; New York: Doubleday, 1959: especially pp. 27, 49-51, 58, etc. and pp.
95-100). Curiously, his only nods to Flanders are to redundantly claim that
each of the pear-shaped characters in the story wore "Flemish hose"
and reckon that the fines they received were in Flemish pounds (1 Flemish pound
= 6 Dutch Guilders).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While Washington Irving’s
book – which became for that date and place a huge bestseller – first brought
the concept of Sinterklaas to the wider American public, it took yet another
man, Huguenot John Pintard, to crystallize the concept. Pintard was a merchant
of untiring energy, whose wife was related to President James Monroe’s wife,
Elizabeth Van Kortright. Elizabeth was the great-great-great-great
granddaughter of Jan Baptiste van Kortryk, a Flemish immigrant to New
Netherland from Kortrijk, West Flanders. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAcz5V7b9nCi6a3jS9XP9edPTTPjFQlYVtbTsPJEJsGusJEXMB6lSLWPvTnXCQLMG4bZRyhSgy9SjEpzXNrlPqcuN08DhHmhjPjsBegXaJ9xKUC9kewZEdh3-Uxn75zPQNOyVrtLlCozI/s1600/Twas+Night+Before+Christmas+Cover+1896.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAcz5V7b9nCi6a3jS9XP9edPTTPjFQlYVtbTsPJEJsGusJEXMB6lSLWPvTnXCQLMG4bZRyhSgy9SjEpzXNrlPqcuN08DhHmhjPjsBegXaJ9xKUC9kewZEdh3-Uxn75zPQNOyVrtLlCozI/s320/Twas+Night+Before+Christmas+Cover+1896.jpg" width="258" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pintard, is credited
by some with establishing Washington’s birthday and July 4<sup>th</sup> as
national holidays. He also proposed St. Nicholas' feast day, December 6th, as
an alternate family holiday to the dangerous and debauched revelry then common on
New Year's Eve. A friend of Washington Irving - and founder of the New York
Historical Society - Pintard began the revival of St. Nicholas with a St.
Nicholas Society Dinner on December 6th, 1810 (the year after Irving's
publication). Later, this evolved into the</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://www.saintnicholassociety.org/"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">St.
Nicholas Society</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">of New York.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However, what really settled “Santa Claus” as the figure and
Christmas as the holiday it has come to be, was the last gentleman in this
trio: </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pintard's friend
Clement Clarke Moore. Moore, it is now believed, appropriated a poem first
written by Henry Livingston and published in the Troy Sentinel in 1823.
Livingston’s 17<sup>th</sup> century ancestor in New Netherland was Robert
Livingston, son of a a Scottish father and a woman whose name was “Mary
Flanders”. Fluent in Dutch, Robert Livingston thrived first under the Dutch in
New Netherland and, later after 1664, under the English at New York. Livingston’s
wife was the widow of Nicolaus Van Rensselaer. He cemented his standing in New
Netherland society when his grandson married a Van Courtlandt. Sadly, Henry
Livingston, who died in 1828, never saw his poem become a global phenomenon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Undoubtedly influenced
by not only the enthusiastic reception of Irving’s book but the growing
popularity of Pintard’s holiday, Moore published the iconic Christmas poem
after its original author died in 1830. </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Moore </span><a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2010/12/flemish-american-origins-of-santa-claus.html"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gave us here in America the poem we know as "Twas the
Night Before Christmas"</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> . It was this witty ditty that helped push the date we
celebrate Christmas from the evening of December 5th/6th to December 25th.
Cultural influences being what they are, Christmas is now celebrated even in
non-Christian countries like Japan (albeit as a cultural, not a religious,
holiday).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Van Courtlandt family
tradition of Sinterklaas – almost certainly originating in the maternal
traditions of Tournhout native Annetje Loockermans – became the Santa Claus
tradition of today. It has now been passed on to later generations and is
inseparably blended with the fabric of America. Little did she realize the
legacy she would leave for 21st century America and indeed the world.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So as you hum the latest Christmas jingle, bake your Christmas
'goodies', or scramble for those last minute gifts, take a moment to reflect,
if you will, on the debt owed to a few hardy Flemish women in 17th century
Nieuw Nederland who transmitted their cultural traditions to the world from Flemish
Americans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With that as backdrop, Gentle Reader, it seems only fitting that
I leave you with the stanzas and illustrations that inspired the adoption by
first American and then world popular culture of Santa Claus. The below
text is courtesy of a superb website on the poem: "</span></i><a href="http://iment.com/maida/familytree/henry/xmas/poemvariants/troysentinel1823.htm"><i><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Account of a Visit From St. Nicholas</span></i></a><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">'Twas the night before
Christmas, when all thro' the house,<br />
Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse;<br />
The stockings were hung by the chimney with care,<br />
In hopes that St. Nicholas soon would be there;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The children were
nestled all snug in their beds,<br />
While visions of sugar plums danc'd in their heads,<br />
And Mama in her 'kerchief, and I in my cap,<br />
Had just settled our brains for a long winter's nap,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When out on the lawn
there arose such a clatter,<br />
I sprang from the bed to see what was the matter.<br />
Away to the window I flew like a flash,<br />
Tore open the shutters, and threw up the sash.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The moon on the breast
of the new fallen snow,<br />
Gave the lustre of mid-day to objects below;<br />
When, what to my wondering eyes should appear,<br />
But a minature sleigh, and eight tiny rein-deer,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With a little old
driver, so lively and quick,<br />
I knew in a moment it must be St. Nick.<br />
More rapid than eagles his coursers they came,<br />
And he whistled, and shouted, and call'd them by name:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Now! Dasher,
now! Dancer, now! Prancer, and Vixen,</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
"On! Comet, on! Cupid, on! Dunder and Blixem;</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
"To the top of the porch! to the top of the wall!<br />
"Now dash away! dash away! dash away all!"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As dry leaves before
the wild hurricane fly,<br />
When they meet with an obstacle, mount to the sky;<br />
So up to the house-top the coursers they flew,<br />
With the sleigh full of Toys - and St. Nicholas too:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">And then in a twinkling,
I heard on the roof<br />
The prancing and pawing of each little hoof.<br />
As I drew in my head, and was turning around,<br />
Down the chimney St. Nicholas came with a bound:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He was dress'd all in
fur, from his head to his foot,<br />
And his clothes were all tarnish'd with ashes and soot;<br />
A bundle of toys was flung on his back,<br />
And he look'd like a peddler just opening his pack:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">His eyes - how they
twinkled! his dimples how merry,<br />
His cheeks were like roses, his nose like a cherry;<br />
His droll little mouth was drawn up like a bow,<br />
And the beard of his chin was as white as the snow;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The stump of a pipe he
held tight in his teeth,<br />
And the smoke it encircled his head like a wreath.<br />
He had a broad face, and a little round belly<br />
That shook when he laugh'd, like a bowl full of jelly:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He was chubby and
plump, a right jolly old elf,<br />
And I laugh'd when I saw him in spite of myself;<br />
A wink of his eye and a twist of his head<br />
Soon gave me to know I had nothing to dread.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He spoke not a word,
but went straight to his work,<br />
And fill'd all the stockings; then turn'd with a jerk,<br />
And laying his finger aside of his nose<br />
And giving a nod, up the chimney he rose.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He sprung to his
sleigh, to his team gave a whistle,<br />
And away they all flew, like the down of a thistle:<br />
But I heard him exclaim, ere he drove out of sight-<br />
Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good night.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqCWnjaueHxj_IShwDcRk8s-HLOG14JPlmkrpUhXzB2-Sq2VzGxnEcHooGx4ZC0dAC78rzEkJUduJq4rkIw8KoWUjIy4efzLq5yXJESGo3lMa8Qoofb07z2Z1HUCb2KG3U0Df4ztbL_O4/s1600/Jan_Steen.Het_Sint_Nicolaasfeest.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqCWnjaueHxj_IShwDcRk8s-HLOG14JPlmkrpUhXzB2-Sq2VzGxnEcHooGx4ZC0dAC78rzEkJUduJq4rkIw8KoWUjIy4efzLq5yXJESGo3lMa8Qoofb07z2Z1HUCb2KG3U0Df4ztbL_O4/s320/Jan_Steen.Het_Sint_Nicolaasfeest.jpg" width="268" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This
originally appeared in the Flemish American Blogspot
http://www.flemishamerican.blog. Copyright 2013 by David Baeckelandt. All
rights reserved. No reproduction permitted without my express, written
permission.</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-8057989770170644092013-11-10T16:16:00.000-06:002013-11-11T13:55:26.014-06:00Remembering Flemish American Veterans<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG6WmzwZ70DGYsQubDXR7bauxR6UH7DZSd22t-p56lMIGe3mCLlsnZaQ2ABR1ejjXGliFpKrCehNH08aCaxnpgHv8XrSR7JRn9Tbc7t8jnOJrLmI5TGZVVTGl7GAtHNb1zZalg_4mRmNk/s1600/WW1+Vlaamse+Kruis+der+Drie+Staden+1914-1918+b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG6WmzwZ70DGYsQubDXR7bauxR6UH7DZSd22t-p56lMIGe3mCLlsnZaQ2ABR1ejjXGliFpKrCehNH08aCaxnpgHv8XrSR7JRn9Tbc7t8jnOJrLmI5TGZVVTGl7GAtHNb1zZalg_4mRmNk/s320/WW1+Vlaamse+Kruis+der+Drie+Staden+1914-1918+b.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Drie Staden - Belgian medal for WW1 Military Service</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tomorrow, Monday, November
11th, is Veteran's Day here in the U.S. It was started to commemorate the end
of the "Great War": what we today call World War 1. In earlier posts<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2010/11/remembering-flemish-american-war.html" target="_blank">here</a>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2008/11/wapenstilstandsdagveterans-day-in.html" target="_blank">here</a>, and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2009/11/pro-flandria-servanda-flanders-right.html" target="_blank">here</a>, I have spoken of the contribution by Flemings and
Flemish Americans to the events in World War 1. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Although it is a National Holiday and U.S. federal government
offices are closed, many people only have a dim understanding of the holiday's
importance. My childrens’ high school invites local veterans to speak of what
they have endured and done for this country. But there is (of course) no
reference or mention of Flemish Americans and their involvement in World War 1
(or beyond).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Belgium at the start of the First World War (August 4, 1914) had a
very small army of 48,000 men but quickly mobilized to more than 100,000
soldiers. Without question, this was tiny compared to the several million
soldiers Germany sent over the frontier in August, 1914.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-4-1iOQTJoOSel5a81E5IEiOCvV0e-HlaVpglrb6t32ZNk05oF16XYoiXDv8TVaIYn3oUXrUJELDW9zsyMmeNCJnS2RNWUnmf8KxRbilL5s4DDYa-ZimhxePKnUskbpERXPMoV5X13qk/s1600/St+John+Berchmans+Church+Belgian+volunteers+June+15+1917.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-4-1iOQTJoOSel5a81E5IEiOCvV0e-HlaVpglrb6t32ZNk05oF16XYoiXDv8TVaIYn3oUXrUJELDW9zsyMmeNCJnS2RNWUnmf8KxRbilL5s4DDYa-ZimhxePKnUskbpERXPMoV5X13qk/s320/St+John+Berchmans+Church+Belgian+volunteers+June+15+1917.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Newly-enlisted Flemish Americans in front of St John Berchman's Church, Chicago ca 1917</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As a result, many Flemish Americans responded to an inner 'call to
arms'. So many Flemish Americans in Chicago responded to the call to arms in
fact that their families were left destitute. The Belgian Government responded
by redirecting a daily payment of 6.5 cents per family per day (even then,
insufficient to feed a family used to living on $3 a day, as my grandmother’s
family was).<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Newspaper reports of the time show long queues of women, old men and children
lined up in front of the Belgian Consulate in Chicago receiving their daily
allowance.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">One of the very first
Flemish Americans to heed the call to arms was Paul Vandervelde of Dallas,
Texas. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Vandervelde fought for 34 days in five significant battles before
being forced to retreat. As a US citizen, he was returned to the US on the
White Star Line ship Cedric.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[iv]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrVZ0VXlo63ritkpWnIHNCrr0qIN3nsRDoCy8PYnZxP-O51FpfXc33TRn2pG1Mps_f94VM-EMMru4v0mPn2GEv8MOS5feLzqACmx5kbkSBoJtIuxypCxoW_78ItwD6-rufZg93E3pCIvM/s1600/Vlaamse_activisme.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrVZ0VXlo63ritkpWnIHNCrr0qIN3nsRDoCy8PYnZxP-O51FpfXc33TRn2pG1Mps_f94VM-EMMru4v0mPn2GEv8MOS5feLzqACmx5kbkSBoJtIuxypCxoW_78ItwD6-rufZg93E3pCIvM/s400/Vlaamse_activisme.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The inequalities of the Belgian Army - overwhelmingly Flemish soldiers fighting under overwhelmingly Francophone officers - spurred the movement for equal language and education rights for Flemings</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On the home front, some Flemish Americans fought without weapons.
Johannes Schreuers, a Flemish immigrant living in Chicago and playing for the
Chicago Symphony, became a combatant (in a war of words and stringed
instruments) with his German and Austrian colleagues (who outnumbered him
76:1). Eventually a sort of truce "for the duration of the war" was
agreed upon.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Others, who could not fight, opened their pocketbooks. The Belgian
American Club of Chicago quickly established a Red Cross Society chapter,
appropriated $200 from the club's treasury, and proceeded to discuss other ways
to raise money for their ancestral homeland.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Led by Flemish American veteran (of the Spanish-American War of
1898) Felix J. Streykmans and supported by Belgian Consul General Cyriel
Vermeren, the fundraising garnered support from civic leaders even outside of
the Flemish American community.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Eventually, seven
Belgian Clubs in Chicago came together to raise money through a series of
fund-raising events - such as theatrical performances.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoZ-Zg4GP5zknEos53XQkBZ6N5u06S6xMk8eV9xdDOnzYW28VRL1g3PA5__0v3YwXXH_TvQ-cxh2Gxw1KnruIQ-nsO98lMylwj391OFaUb2GFRlPnhp45LGhGIUkCuvjkMfccK1iOLlZI/s1600/Commission+for+Relief+Belgium+Telegram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoZ-Zg4GP5zknEos53XQkBZ6N5u06S6xMk8eV9xdDOnzYW28VRL1g3PA5__0v3YwXXH_TvQ-cxh2Gxw1KnruIQ-nsO98lMylwj391OFaUb2GFRlPnhp45LGhGIUkCuvjkMfccK1iOLlZI/s320/Commission+for+Relief+Belgium+Telegram.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Herbert Hoover telegram in 1914</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Despite all this support, by October, 1914 it was estimated that
more than 1 million Belgians (out of a total population of 7 million people)
were starving. Consequently, Herbert Hoover, future (31<sup>st</sup>) U.S. President,
former global mining engineer, and occasional resident of Belgium, organized an
ad hoc system of relief for those caught in the conflict.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> By the end of the war, at
a time when individuals measured daily earnings in cents, the “Commission for
the Relief of Belgium” (as it came to be called) moved nearly $1,000,000,000 in
relief to these starving Flemish civilians.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ_JcQIWZ8mZU7DFsg1xExD_NwI2oEGZrgwF6_1od1ZwBv8p7iR-29_aFl0RgwCcaXDXij6-oUYYARoCWdLd5UY2PYDWAbYsrDDOE5TWTbiDER2pnRRNwAdKOGw6VEWx2h8B_wE6Z_jts/s1600/Hulde+en+Dank+Flour+Sack+1916+Relief+Belgium.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ_JcQIWZ8mZU7DFsg1xExD_NwI2oEGZrgwF6_1od1ZwBv8p7iR-29_aFl0RgwCcaXDXij6-oUYYARoCWdLd5UY2PYDWAbYsrDDOE5TWTbiDER2pnRRNwAdKOGw6VEWx2h8B_wE6Z_jts/s320/Hulde+en+Dank+Flour+Sack+1916+Relief+Belgium.jpg" width="216" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Flour Sack Reworked by Belgian woman</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In addition to bringing money, food and clothing to family and
friends in Flanders, Flemish Americans offered other relief. In the midst of
the war, Fr. John B. De Ville of Saint John Berchman's "Belgian
parish" in Chicago crossed the front lines to bring out 1500
noncombatants. Of those were 50 young women who decided to wed their Flemish
American beaus on Ellis Island.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Belgian state, long ambivalent about its Flemish-speaking
majority, modified its Francophone bias during the later stages of the war in
an attempt to dissipate Flemish nationalist sentiment.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> In an appeal to Flemish
Americans in 1916, the Belgian Government in the Detroitenaar newspaper (later
absorbed into the Gazette van Detroit), published the below picture and poem. </span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqk2JlRU2f2FwIVBJQOjdbJfbvl8n6nGQu8fTSXgMd7GWLe_tZ3i6U22PUesqmrCzmUOt_2TJQC6xb-jFV10ri3WyiMy1q8aJFL2c7P7Ymfa3szyxLcad3Ej34K2zgr7V7Ql6uouhUlAo/s1600/De+Detroitenaar.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqk2JlRU2f2FwIVBJQOjdbJfbvl8n6nGQu8fTSXgMd7GWLe_tZ3i6U22PUesqmrCzmUOt_2TJQC6xb-jFV10ri3WyiMy1q8aJFL2c7P7Ymfa3szyxLcad3Ej34K2zgr7V7Ql6uouhUlAo/s640/De+Detroitenaar.JPG" width="425" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">De Detroitenaar's appeal to Flemish Americans December 1917</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The poem, "Aan mijn volk" in Dutch:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #f4f5fb; color: #666666;">Nieuwjaarsgeschenk
Van De Detroitenaar</span><span style="color: #666666;"><br />
</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Ween
niet mijn volk mijn natie</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Nog
leeft de Vlaamsche leeuw</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Nog
staat hij onverschrokken</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Ondanks
het krijgsgeschreeuw</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Al is
zijn huis vernietigd</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Verpletterd
en doorzeefd</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Van
kogels en granaten</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Hij
scherpt zijn klauw, Hij leeft</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Nog
sta ik aan zijn zijde, terwijl mij 't harte blaakt</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Van
liefde voor mijn Vlaandren! Ween niet</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Uw
Koning waakt</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Ween
niet mijn volk, mijn trouwen</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Ween
niet, Uw Koning leeft!</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Ik
weet, dat God ons eenmaal</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Ons
Vlaanderen wedergeeft</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Al is
het thans vermorzeld,</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Vertrapt,
verscheurd, vernield,</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">De
Vlaamsche leeuw is levend</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Met
leeuwenkracht bezield</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Houdt
moed, mijn trouwe natie en nooit den</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">plicht
verzaakt!</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="background: #F4F5FB;">Eens
zal verlossing komen, Uw Koninginne waakt!</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhnKvwzopl5fnad2GU-Y0QYtPKGZDYA2F3x1iEXK7RPtoF54CWecFTRpBHboD6tMhA0daeJmFIUThvbVb6jTbKKZSe6w691Zsd6bnwLaM7Lr297jen6Da1Cf9tLLxKaJnw8BsZpG7a1Mw/s1600/AVV-VVK+Celtic+Cross+L+Baeckelandt+Aug+2013.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhnKvwzopl5fnad2GU-Y0QYtPKGZDYA2F3x1iEXK7RPtoF54CWecFTRpBHboD6tMhA0daeJmFIUThvbVb6jTbKKZSe6w691Zsd6bnwLaM7Lr297jen6Da1Cf9tLLxKaJnw8BsZpG7a1Mw/s320/AVV-VVK+Celtic+Cross+L+Baeckelandt+Aug+2013.jpg" width="240" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In (rough) English
translation: "To my people"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"New Year's Gift from the Detroitenaar" <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Weep not my people, my nation<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Flemish Lion is still alive<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[and] ever fearless,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Despite the battle cry<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Though his house has been destroyed<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Crushed and riddled,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">By bullets and grenades<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He sharpens his claws, he lives on.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Still I stand by his side, while [from] me it [blood?] oozes
warm<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">O how I love my Flanders! Do not cry<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Your King awaits<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Weep not my people, my betrothed<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Do not cry, your King lives!<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I know that once again God will [give us]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Our Flanders again <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Though it is now crushed,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Trampled, shredded, destroyed,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Flemish Lion is still alive<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">With lionine strength<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Take courage, my faithful nation and never fail [to do your] duty!<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Once [more] salvation will come, Your Queen awaits!<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #444444; line-height: 115%;">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGHOGhmOmJOtTC6UsB3a5ruX5UJ6mpR7kWjF9NASczARrTLV9sflTN-JGa7OoowVc5GMTn4kHZitAL7XpjnX5WxDIp17fH-Ad5Ase2-VYF7P5uC-3vrkmlfvJR3DN2QDs14bWP0wKTyT4/s1600/Wareghem+Cemetery+Nov+11+2012.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGHOGhmOmJOtTC6UsB3a5ruX5UJ6mpR7kWjF9NASczARrTLV9sflTN-JGa7OoowVc5GMTn4kHZitAL7XpjnX5WxDIp17fH-Ad5Ase2-VYF7P5uC-3vrkmlfvJR3DN2QDs14bWP0wKTyT4/s400/Wareghem+Cemetery+Nov+11+2012.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">David Baeckelandt in Flanders, November 11, 2012</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Even without the historical allusions to past Flemish history and
King Albert's cloaking himself in black and yellow (the colors of the Vlaamse
Leeuw/Flemish Lion) as above, the Flemish and Flemish Americans responded with
fervor. Both in the Belgian and US armies they fought and died for rights and
self-determination. Some, like Flemish American Charles S. Brokaw, whose
ancestors left Flanders in the 16<sup>th</sup> century, returned to their
ancestral home to fight and die. Today he lies buried in the American Cemetery
at Wareghem.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title="">[xiv]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaZrSr-7q2KzRbcPbaTAsYURYYheVqz0cFFO7j6IoIxZ71DEnwgqCvWQB0Oqc_FmOcEH5Rx52attAlxh_pL6FsHHVepWasvre4ieE4b0t0GFZ-riJTClUajYgvdhFqALOPzITIItcYxR8/s1600/Barbary+new.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaZrSr-7q2KzRbcPbaTAsYURYYheVqz0cFFO7j6IoIxZ71DEnwgqCvWQB0Oqc_FmOcEH5Rx52attAlxh_pL6FsHHVepWasvre4ieE4b0t0GFZ-riJTClUajYgvdhFqALOPzITIItcYxR8/s320/Barbary+new.jpg" width="273" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cyriel Barbary</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Flemings fought and died literally up until the last day of the
war.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> At the end of the war,
one of those veterans, Cyriel Barbary, gave up his devastated West Flemish home
in Klercken, and together with his young bride, relocated to Detroit.
There he quietly raised a family in the suburb of Royal Oak. Cyriel gained fame
only in his last years: he became the last surviving Belgian veteran of World War
1.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqFk0-Kopq1pmeS4nHk6ozWWwk3G219UP0OdGKFgE_JCzZ3qHVNLI_vy7olIMkTeYxYuB_bQQm9I0zyURmKpmOmjy6RFOKTiFXgaGCGBCtCd_mGfanXrNBymbm6DP3onoeYJLL1tLEHNY/s1600/J+Baeckelandt+1924.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqFk0-Kopq1pmeS4nHk6ozWWwk3G219UP0OdGKFgE_JCzZ3qHVNLI_vy7olIMkTeYxYuB_bQQm9I0zyURmKpmOmjy6RFOKTiFXgaGCGBCtCd_mGfanXrNBymbm6DP3onoeYJLL1tLEHNY/s400/J+Baeckelandt+1924.jpg" width="267" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Julien Baeckelandt in the Belgian Army, Ruhr, Germany 1924</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Today, then, I wish to recognize all the Flemish Americans who
fought for our countries. Closer to home, my grandfather Julian Baeckelandt
served in the Belgian Army (during the occupation of the Ruhr in 1924) and my
father Werner Baeckelandt served during the Cuban Missile Crisis and the
Vietnam War. Today my son Luke serves in the Golden Eagle Battalion. It is to
you - mijn grootvader, mijn vader en mijn zoon - that I dedicate this post.
Thank you - and all Flemish Americans - for your service to our countries.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSJsy8hx4dXixgMQxZhpFpgSpGvFkGZs5xMX6RoWWd07or0vet9OQivJkNJEKp4JnpsuOFsLUktQgu1WymzdDiSjGCKZMa_oRDkvglm72U4DA4s5wYKpR-ckJa7htgY_C00gi9yGvf27Y/s1600/Luke+and+Werner+Baeckelandt+September+2013.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSJsy8hx4dXixgMQxZhpFpgSpGvFkGZs5xMX6RoWWd07or0vet9OQivJkNJEKp4JnpsuOFsLUktQgu1WymzdDiSjGCKZMa_oRDkvglm72U4DA4s5wYKpR-ckJa7htgY_C00gi9yGvf27Y/s400/Luke+and+Werner+Baeckelandt+September+2013.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Luke (Cadet, GEB) and Werner Baeckelandt (veteran)</td></tr>
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<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Endnotes</span><br />
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<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="edn1">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “The
Belgian Factor”, <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i>
(1872-1922); Aug 5, 1914; ProQuest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune (1849
- 1986), pg. 6. Accessed November 10, 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 9.2pt; margin-top: 2.4pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">The stipend eventually was upped to 15
cents per day plus 5 cents a day for each child. In the event of her husband death
while in service, the children's daily allowance would be doubled, to ten cents
per day per child. See<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em>The Chicago Daily
Tribune</em>, September 10, 1914, p.8. Regardless of the improvement, these were subsistence
amounts. My great-grandmother, before departing Antwerp for America in August,
1905, told the Belgian Inspector Venesoen that her husband-to-be, my
great-grandfather Edmond Dupon, Sr., earned $3 a day as a butcher in Chicago. This
may have been an exaggeration (one can almost feel the boast in the statement).
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">The <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i>, August 30, 1908
p. G2 claimed Belgian women working in mines </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">in Wallonia
</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">earned 50</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">ents </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> - 75</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">c</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">ents</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">/day</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">So 6.5 cents per
day - or even 15 cents per day plus a
nickel a child - was hardly sufficient to feed a family.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “Belgium Caring for Its
Defenders' Wives and Families”, AMERICAN PRESS ASSN. <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i> (1872-1922); Aug 27, 1914; ProQuest
Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune (1849 - 1986), pg. 5. Accessed November
10, 2013. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.796875px;">The August 3, 1914 edition of </span><em style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.796875px;">The Chicago Daily Tribune</em><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20.796875px;"> (p.7) estimated that 50,000 to 75,000 of Chicago's immigrants returned to their respective countries to enlist in the belligerents' miliatries. Of the 7,000 or so Flemings in Chicago at the time, it appears that at least hundreds of young men returned to Europe. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">
</span></div>
<div id="edn4">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">See “Yankee, Former Belgian, Served 34 Days in War”, </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Chicago Daily Tribune</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (1872-1922); Sep 19, 1914; ProQuest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune (1849 - 1986), p.3. Accessed November 10, 2013. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Unfortunately,
Paul Vandervelde vanishes from history after his 15 lines of newsprint fame.
There is no record of him in Ellis Island online archives. Nor is there a
record of him in the University of Texas Institute of Texan Cultures’, <u>Belgian
Texans</u>, (San Antonio: University of Texas, 1982 – Principal Researcher is
Samuel P. Nesmith). Nor is there any
record in Ancestry’s voluminous online files of a Paul Vandervelde in Dallas of
Belgian origins – among the 56 U.S. resident Vandervelde entries in its
database. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> For sports buffs, it is unlikely that Mr. Vandervelde is related to this Flemish American football player, Julian Vandervelde </span><a href="http://www.hawkeyesports.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/vandervelde_julian00.html" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://www.hawkeyesports.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/vandervelde_julian00.html</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> . And, since he is originally from Chicago, not to this Dallas resident either: </span><a href="http://www.dallasobserver.com/2007-04-05/music/david-vandervelde/" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://www.dallasobserver.com/2007-04-05/music/david-vandervelde/</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Genealogical note: My
great-grandfather, Edmond Dupon, Sr., also traveled on the White Star Line ship
Cedric to America – but at a different time and under better circumstances of
course.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “Martial Tunes Cause Near War”, <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i> (1872-1922); Aug
17, 1914; ProQuest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune (1849 - 1986), pg. 11.
Accessed November 10, 2013.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “Belgians Aid Red Cross”, <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i> (1872-1922); Aug
11, 1914; ProQuest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune (1849 - 1986), pg.7.
Accessed November 10, 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “All Nations Help Belgian
Benefit”, <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i>
(1872-1922); Aug 27, 1914; ProQuest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune (1849
- 1986), pg. 11. Accessed November 10, 2013.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “Round
About the Clubs and Societies”, <i>Chicago
Daily Tribune</i> (1872-1922); Oct 16, 1914;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ProQuest Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune (1849 - 1986),
pg. 11. Accessed November 10, 2013.</span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “American London Committee to
Carry Food to 1,000,000 Starving Belgians”, <i>Chicago
Daily Tribune</i> (1872-1922); Oct 22, 1914; ProQuest Historical Newspapers
Chicago Tribune (1849 - 1986), pg.2. Accessed November 10, 2013.</span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> To
put this in further context, $1 billion in 1913 was the total national debt of
the United States at that time. George I. Gay, <u>Public Relations of The
Commission for Relief in Belgium: Documents</u>, (Stanford Unversity: Stanford University
Press, 1929), vol.1, p.vi. <span style="background: white; color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">In th</span><em>e Chicago Daily Tribune</em>,
October 22, 1914, p.2, Herbert Hoover asserted that there were 1,000,000
civilians starving of which more than 700,000 were Belgians. The overwhelming
majority of the Belgians were in what is now called Flanders and <i>ipso facto</i> were Flemings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “50 Belgian Brides on Way to United States to Wed”, <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i> (1872-1922); May
6, 1916;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">ProQuest
Historical Newspapers Chicago Tribune (1849 - 1986), pg. 4. Accessed November
10, 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_ednref12" name="_edn12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="background: white; color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">There is, of
course, a great deal of debate as to actual numbers of Flemings in the Belgian
Army during World War One. At the high end are some immediate postwar documents
that suggest that the Flemings constituted upwards of 90% of all enlisted men.
According to these sources even nominal Wallon regiments received
reinforcements that mainly if not wholly included Flemings. The Flemish units
were of course 100% Flemish. The only exception to this rule was the officer
corps, which were overwhelmingly Francophone. See Daniel Vanacker,</span><u>De Frontbeweging: De Vlaamse strijd aan de Ijzer</u>, (Kortrijk: De Kaproos, 2000), p.15 for the discussion of
numbers as low as 60%. See Luc Schepens,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><u>14/18: Een Oorlog in Vlaanderen</u>, (Tielt: Lannoo,
1984), p.162, for the belief that the true percentages were “65 to 70% (and not
80 to 90% as widely believed)”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_ednref13" name="_edn13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
This image appeared in the The Detroitenaar probably in December 1917. E-mail correspondence
with Judy Mendicino, nee DeMeulenaere, November 3, 2013. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_ednref14" name="_edn14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> It
is unclear to me whether this Brokaw is related to American television
journalist Tom Brokaw (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brokaw">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brokaw</a>)
but my suspicion is that he must be. Christopher Sims, <span style="background: white; color: #444444; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">untitled
and un-numbered excerpt “Brokaw, Charles S., from “The Soldiers of Flanders
Field American Cemetery”</span>. Waregem, W.Vl., Belgium. E-mail correspondence
November 13, 2012. BTW, the official website of the cemetery can be found here:
<a href="http://www.abmc.gov/cemeteries/cemeteries/ff.php">http://www.abmc.gov/cemeteries/cemeteries/ff.php</a>
and a brochure is available online here: <a href="http://www.abmc.gov/publications/CemeteryBooklets/FlandersField_Booklet.pdf">http://www.abmc.gov/publications/CemeteryBooklets/FlandersField_Booklet.pdf</a>.
This is the only American cemetery remaining in Flanders.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_ednref15" name="_edn15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> It
is possible that several Flemings perished in the very last minutes of the war.
See, for a commentary about this (in Dutch): <a href="http://www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl/viewtopic.php?t=9990">http://www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl/viewtopic.php?t=9990</a>
. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/FAHF/Remebering%20Flemish%20American%20Veterans.docx#_ednref16" name="_edn16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary,_Cyrillus-Camillus_(Cyriel)">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary,_Cyrillus-Camillus_(Cyriel)</a>
and <a href="http://www.gva.be/Archief/guid/laatste-belgische-veteraan-van-wo-i-overleden.aspx?artikel=3f435976-5e21-4fa1-a356-a48fb53b57fc">http://www.gva.be/Archief/guid/laatste-belgische-veteraan-van-wo-i-overleden.aspx?artikel=3f435976-5e21-4fa1-a356-a48fb53b57fc</a>
. There is a bit more detail on his actual military service here: <a href="http://wo1.webserver.dmenp.be/ned/geschiedenis/gastbijdragen/barbary.htm">http://wo1.webserver.dmenp.be/ned/geschiedenis/gastbijdragen/barbary.htm</a>
.</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Copyright 2013 by David Baeckelandt. All rights reserved. No reproduction without my express, written permission.</span></i></div>
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Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-14813988858029563342013-07-11T20:48:00.002-05:002013-11-10T20:24:33.330-06:00The Flemish Inspiration for the American Revolution<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Quincy Adams about 1783</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Excerpts from a letter, dated July 27, 1777 from John Adams (1735-1826),
2<sup>nd</sup> President of the United States and one of the “Committee of 5” –
with Franklin and Jefferson – who drafted the Declaration of Independence. The letter
is to his son, John Quincy Adams (1767-1848), who became the 6th President of the United
States.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“My dear Son, Philadelphia, July 27, 1777</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If it should be the Design of
Providence that you should live to grow up, you will naturally feel a Curiosity
to learn the History of the Causes which have produced the late Revolution of
our government. No Study in which you can engage will be more worthy of you…</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.I
charge you to consider it with an Attention only to Truth. It will also be an entertaining and
instructive Amusement, to compare our American Revolution with others that
Resemble it…. But above all others, I would recommend to your study, the
History of the <b>Flemish Confederacy</b>, by which the seven united Provinces of the
Netherlands, emancipated themselves from the Domination of Spain…. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The most
full and compleat History, that I have seen, is one that I am now engaged in
Reading. It is intituled “The History of the <b>Wars of Flanders</b>…. You will wonder, my dear
son, at my writing to you at your tender Age, such dry Things as these: but if
you keep this Letter you will in some future Period, thank your Father for
writing it. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I am my dear son, with the Utmost Affection to your Sister and
Brothers as well as to you, your Father,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">John Adams</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20the%20Founding%20of%20the%20Dutch%20Republic.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[i]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdv0VgMXZd0j27Jy6qE9lGsIRsNTdOqcnm8EHSyXIpuL7UsiSFLJ-gx4YpljnzEBZWmjc9bJmizN2Oq8RCyJzMXLuCwP4JItmu0L5YPXNo-KdUWrk4-avb7gnCPBAz5bkRS4x7AHDAjuM/s1600/US_Navy_031029-N-6236G-001_A_painting_of_President_John_Adams_%25281735-1826%2529%252C_2nd_president_of_the_United_States%252C_by_Asher_B._Durand_%25281767-1845%2529-crop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdv0VgMXZd0j27Jy6qE9lGsIRsNTdOqcnm8EHSyXIpuL7UsiSFLJ-gx4YpljnzEBZWmjc9bJmizN2Oq8RCyJzMXLuCwP4JItmu0L5YPXNo-KdUWrk4-avb7gnCPBAz5bkRS4x7AHDAjuM/s320/US_Navy_031029-N-6236G-001_A_painting_of_President_John_Adams_%25281735-1826%2529%252C_2nd_president_of_the_United_States%252C_by_Asher_B._Durand_%25281767-1845%2529-crop.jpg" width="254" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Adams (1735-1826) 2nd US President</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/Flemish%20Contributions%20to%20the%20Founding%20of%20the%20Dutch%20Republic.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Massachusetts Historical Society Digital Editions.Document No: AFC02d234 (John
Adams to John Quincy Adams) July 27, 1777 at Philadelphia. <a href="https://www.masshist.org/publications/apde/portia.php?id=AFC02d234">https://www.masshist.org/publications/apde/portia.php?id=AFC02d234</a> Accessed July 11, 2013 Abridgement by the author</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Copyright 2013 by David Baeckelandt. No reproduction in any format permitted without my express, written consent.</span></i></div>
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Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-49064962460876321722013-07-04T17:12:00.000-05:002013-07-04T17:12:19.053-05:00The Flemish Contribution to the U.S. Declaration of Independence<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">July is a month pregnant with
historical significance for Flanders and the United States: July 4<sup>th</sup> (1776) is the U.S.
Independence Day and July 11<sup>th</sup> (1302) is the Flemish Feast Day. Less
directly on July 26<sup>th</sup> (1581) the Plakkaat van Verlatinghe (the “Act
of Abjuration”) was promulgated. It is this last reference most to which the
United States owes a debt of its independence to Flanders.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To state the obvious, we commemorate July
4<sup>th </sup>as the date of the United States’ independence from Great
Britain because it is the date of the proclamation of the United States’
Declaration of Independence.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
This is a document that has been called, “</span><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">arguably the most masterful state paper in Western civilization.</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">”<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
This document owes a debt to Flanders. With typical modesty, the Flemish seem
reluctant to claim credit. Permit me, therefore, to do the honors.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">History books often depict the U.S.’
Declaration of Independence as one man's – Thomas Jefferson's – brilliant
creation.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
While Thomas Jefferson did, in fact, pen the actual document, the U.S.
Declaration of Independence, he himself never claimed primary authorship.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Benjamin Franklin and a number of other
delegates to the Continental Congress offered significant revisions and edits.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
According to the Library of Congress’ official website on the Declaration of
independence, the U.S. Declaration of Independence was first drafted in June by
Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson’s ‘rough draught’ then underwent “a total of
forty-seven (47!) alterations” by June 28<sup>th</sup>. Between July 2<sup>nd</sup>
(when Congress voted on Independence) and July 4<sup>th</sup> (when the final
copy went to the printer) Congress continued to alter the document. In the end,
after eliminating a quarter of Jefferson’s original text<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
Congress made “thirty-nine (39) additional revisions”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhXbFlaAxC_6d-jDMcrYJ8kYmqeg_DzgOiFuieWs1T-1RKfRwxKdcEEVtaTMTN_VmTbYdoxzlj4hckoHoNaNJSPUicr00i0w8Zc21jsFOWmpM3Ogk7WJ79ELhk-Mut3Qw2FRsdAuFwdR4/s1600/Writing_the_Declaration_of_Independence_1776.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhXbFlaAxC_6d-jDMcrYJ8kYmqeg_DzgOiFuieWs1T-1RKfRwxKdcEEVtaTMTN_VmTbYdoxzlj4hckoHoNaNJSPUicr00i0w8Zc21jsFOWmpM3Ogk7WJ79ELhk-Mut3Qw2FRsdAuFwdR4/s320/Writing_the_Declaration_of_Independence_1776.jpg" width="240" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Declaration of Independence then,
was neither the work of one man nor an extemporaneous outburst of sentiment. Rather,
it was a carefully crafted work intended to draw on precedents. These
precedents ranged from contemporary British philosophers to treaties and
declarations from the 1200s to the 1700s.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Jefferson himself famously stated that the U.S, Declaration of
Independence incorporated no “new
principles or new arguments”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
But, </span><span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Unlike our own age, which
prizes originality, the 18th century gave its greatest accolades to those able
to master the art of imitation."<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: 11pt;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Although some analysis has been given
over to the sources Jefferson, et.al. used to draft the Declaration, mostly it
is attributed (especially by American scholars) to British authors (such as
Locke) or to British documents (such as the indictment of Charles I in 1649<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>).
Certainly Jefferson’s library contained these works. But Locke and his like
were not Jefferson’s only inspiration: the library at Monticello (Jefferson’s
home) also contained a sizable number of works on Dutch and Flemish history.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
We know that Jefferson read these books
with comprehension because of his references to several of them in his
correspondence. Curiously, when discussing the 80 Years’ War in his
correspondence, Thomas Jefferson referred to it as the “Flemish Revolt”.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Professor Stephen Lucas of the
University of Wisconsin at Madison has determined that the primary source of
the words, phrases and ideas embodied in the U.S. Declaration of Independence
are derived overwhelmingly from one specific document written in Dutch almost
200 years earlier: De Plakkaat van Verlatingh, issued in 1581.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0_brCv37O4AGaAxZ3oUJ5JUjqHWKbWJ8TTcDTJnqmqVdFPtCy5kprnb9M3fZHZW9rbhwecELhGCSHwwbWLgGYZv5LrPghLW5D7A3zSHzZL8avZ-08ME5G4N3Qp59nO4jY_zclsIe5wDI/s1600/Declaration_Independence+Committee+Trumbull.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0_brCv37O4AGaAxZ3oUJ5JUjqHWKbWJ8TTcDTJnqmqVdFPtCy5kprnb9M3fZHZW9rbhwecELhGCSHwwbWLgGYZv5LrPghLW5D7A3zSHzZL8avZ-08ME5G4N3Qp59nO4jY_zclsIe5wDI/s320/Declaration_Independence+Committee+Trumbull.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"Of
all the models available to Jefferson and the Continental Congress, none
provided as precise a template for the Declaration as did the Plakkaat,"
says Lucas, an expert on historical rhetoric. "When you look at the two
documents side by side, you cannot avoid noticing that the American Declaration
more closely resembles its Dutch predecessor than any other possible
model."<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: 11pt;">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A Dutch professor, J.P.A. Coopmans,
has shown that although separated by time, place, and cultural influences, the
format is remarkably the same and that while the differences are important,
there are unmistakable similarities.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[xvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Both professors have demonstrated this linkage through careful analysis of the
phrases and arguments used in each document. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Plakkaat had its origins in the
so-called “Dutch Revolt”. The Revolt had first broken out on August 10, 1567 in
the Flemish town of Steenvoorde. Local Flemish Protestants and some of the
less-savory elements of this village, proceeded to sack and pillage the local
Catholic church and monastery. This “iconoclasm” (“beeldenstorm” in Dutch)
swept east and north until within weeks nearly every church in the Dutch
speaking part of the Low Countries had been vandalized. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7YBXxLoAwGyGMbrrXKtHl8D_uHDUTcyxLqiDVSWEz9VYNSjJiHr1u0HAkatMmnwb2woLhaJ1VApQujasLRM1bKxbIVSYekySFxWqLcEH8VLvBi0WYKKxKp4x0j5CtWV_5iiccaAa2Qf8/s1600/Dirck_van_Delen_-_Beeldenstorm_in_een_kerk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7YBXxLoAwGyGMbrrXKtHl8D_uHDUTcyxLqiDVSWEz9VYNSjJiHr1u0HAkatMmnwb2woLhaJ1VApQujasLRM1bKxbIVSYekySFxWqLcEH8VLvBi0WYKKxKp4x0j5CtWV_5iiccaAa2Qf8/s320/Dirck_van_Delen_-_Beeldenstorm_in_een_kerk.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The ruling sovereign was Philip II: a
Spanish son of the Flemish born Emperor Charles V.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn18" name="_ednref18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[xviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Unlike his father, Philip knew neither the Dutch language nor the customs of
his wealthiest dominion. Nor did he have any respect for the contractual nature
of the relationship between monarch and subjects in Flanders.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn19" name="_ednref19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[xix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
When thwarted in his demands for absolute obedience, Philip responded with
brute force. The resulting juggernaut of the most powerful army in Europe tossed
tens thousands of Flemish refugees to temporary havens in France, England,
Germany and the northern Netherlands. The subsequent 80 years’ war (1568-1648) impoverished
wealthy Flanders and left her cities smoldering and her fields fallow.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Plakkaat was issued in 1581 by an
assembly called the States General.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn20" name="_ednref20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[xx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Representing the 17 Provinces of the Low Countries – roughly equivalent to
modern day Benelux – it was in fact a rejection of the rule of the Spanish
King, Philip II. Listing first the grievances and then the resolution, the
Plakkaat Van Verlatinghe gave the Continental Congress a form which to follow.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn21" name="_ednref21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[xxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqHUoq7_NbIAaYTWWaUF4_XCVJ04eeqwAhaey-uhkO_s_5006XVz4HgcCP9bx6zEs8t4LZWRdXAuhs_nNfO482k7Ug7F3BVUfGtmtgwXQaL-rOjUZpvbMjdkz5FjrH0bb2s5N1ZB-2IFk/s600/Plakkaat_van_Verlatinghe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqHUoq7_NbIAaYTWWaUF4_XCVJ04eeqwAhaey-uhkO_s_5006XVz4HgcCP9bx6zEs8t4LZWRdXAuhs_nNfO482k7Ug7F3BVUfGtmtgwXQaL-rOjUZpvbMjdkz5FjrH0bb2s5N1ZB-2IFk/s320/Plakkaat_van_Verlatinghe.jpg" width="213" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The connection with the Plakkaat van
Verlatinghe is not the strained tie of some abstract scholars. Informed
contemporaries of America’s Founding
Fathers were also struck by the similarities. The Dutch Stadtholder, William V,
Prince of Orange, wrote to a confidant on August 20, 1776 (after reading a copy
of the Declaration of Independence) that he was “indignant” and considered it a
“parody of the document that our forefathers issued against King Philip the
Second” in 1581.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn22" name="_ednref22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[xxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What sparked his indignation was a
familiar ring of the terms and text. William the V had noticed that:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> - </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Both the Plakkaat and the Declaration
begin by presenting a lengthy catalog of grievances of their sovereign’s
perfidy. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> - </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Both the Plakkaat and the Declaration
mention repeated attempts made by the aggrieved to seek redress through
official and unofficial channels. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> - </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Both the Plakkaat and the Declaration
conclude that having been repeatedly rebuffed by tyrannical rulers, they have no
other option but to officially sever the ties that bind them<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In short, Thomas Jefferson borrowed
heavily and freely from the Plakkaat. A logical next question might be,
"who authored the Plakkaat?" While it goes down in history as a
"Dutch" document central to the "Dutch" Revolt and their
Eighty Years' War for Independence (1568-1648), there was heavy Flemish
involvement. In fact at least two - and possibly three - of the authors of the
Plakkaat were Flemish.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">“The committee of four who advised on the drafting was
composed of four members – Andries Hessels<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn23" name="_ednref23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[xxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
greffier (secretary) of the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Brabant" title="States of Brabant"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #999999;">States of
Brabant</span></a><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">; Jacques Tayaert,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensionary" title="Pensionary"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #999999;">pensionary</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;"> </span></span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">of the city of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #999999;">Ghent</span></a><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">; Jacob Valcke, pensionary of the city of
Ter Goes (now<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goes" title="Goes"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #999999;">Goes</span></a><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">); and Pieter van Dieven (also known as
Petrus Divaeus), pensionary of the city of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #999999;">Mechelen</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;"> </span></span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333;">– was charged with drafting what was to become
the Act of Abjuration. The Act prohibited the use of the name and seal of
Philip in all legal matters, and of his name or arms in minting coins. It gave
authority to the Councils of the provinces to henceforth issue the commissions
of magistrates. The Act relieved all magistrates of their previous oaths of
allegiance to Philip, and prescribed a new oath of allegiance to the States
[=”assembly”] of the province in which they served, according to a form
prescribed by the States-General. The actual draft seems to have been written
by the audiencier of the States-General, Jan van Asseliers.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn24" name="_ednref24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[xxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“The Act
was remarkable for of its extensive Preamble, which took the form of an
ideological justification, phrased as an indictment (a detailed list of
grievances) of King Philip. This form, which is strikingly similar to that of
the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Declaration_of_Independence" title="American Declaration of Independence"><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">American Declaration of
Independence</span></a><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, has often
given rise to speculations that </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson"><span style="color: #999999; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Thomas Jefferson</span></a><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, when he
was writing the latter, was at least inspired by the Act of Abjuration</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span>”<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn25" name="_ednref25" title="">[xxv]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn25" name="_ednref25" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“By
deposing a ruler for having violated the Social Contract with his subjects,
they were the first to apply the theoretical ideas that two hundred years later
would ultimately form the basis for the American Declaration of Independence.”<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn26" name="_ednref26" title="">[xxvi]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn26" name="_ednref26" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-RtVXxfVfMnCbtE_6wm4suW8zatC5n6vEk68Qi-0sTwyY19t0lnlIXSeZDdc7EEPlusReffT4vkX8EiI7ng-qkAgKibVuQbg3Y4LHVXaSP81Lk7tos44_GqKYeVWV9F2TDXutO7Uda7E/s1600/Gravensteen-Gent-(xndr).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-RtVXxfVfMnCbtE_6wm4suW8zatC5n6vEk68Qi-0sTwyY19t0lnlIXSeZDdc7EEPlusReffT4vkX8EiI7ng-qkAgKibVuQbg3Y4LHVXaSP81Lk7tos44_GqKYeVWV9F2TDXutO7Uda7E/s320/Gravensteen-Gent-(xndr).jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These authors too, although heavily
Flemish, borrowed from the past. Like Jefferson himself, these authors looked for
historical precedent to justify what in effect was revolutionary. Two Belgian constitutional
scholars have pinpointed the earliest precedent.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> “The idea of the rule of law was already
present in Flemish cities in the twelfth century….When count <a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Clito" target="_blank">William Clito</a>
came to power in Flanders in 1127, he guaranteed the inhabitants of his cities
a right judgement of the cities’ aldermen against every man and against himself
[the count]. The prince is already [at this time then] subject to the laws. The
1127 city charters were not mere words. On 16 February 1128, Ivan, Lord of
Aalst, acted as the spokesman of the city of Ghent before the count. Ivan
rebuked the court [sic] for not respecting the privileges he had given the
burghers of Ghent and other cities. To settle the matter, he proposed [that] a
special court should convene, in which the Peers of Flanders and
representatives of the clergy and the people would sit
to judge over the count. If this court should find the count unworthy of the
countship, he would have to give it up. The count did not agree to this and
Ivan and Ghent rose in revolt."<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“William was killed in the civil war
that ensued and a new count came to power. The background of the conflict was
the opinion of Ghent and other cities that there was a contractual relationship between
the count and the citizens. They recognized him as their lord and he, in turn,
recognized their privileges. If the count no longer respected his part of the
deal by acting against the rights of citizens, they had a right to break their
contract and to fight him. This contractual conception of the relationship
between ruler and subjects returns in the city charters granted by William’s successor.
Thereafter the counts managed to suppress it, but it reappeared at regular
times in Flemish history. In 1191 the first article of a charter for the city
of Ghent stated that the citizens were only subject to the count as long as he
wanted to treat them justly and reasonably…”<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn27" name="_ednref27" title="">[xxvii]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn27" name="_ednref27" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGiRgFt9J-rc33pQchdL_q2Knfqgzq7kiKfVIgmMMdOl4q5OZGXS6DHhCiu1v2KUWwyNfUuVdznjbApo6efeaYrDk3vnZdfTH3idj0LuHeQ9dWbvu3sbswjoU6YX3jmWNXuE36hcS7Wgw/s800/Guldensporenslag-Nicaise_de_Keyser.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGiRgFt9J-rc33pQchdL_q2Knfqgzq7kiKfVIgmMMdOl4q5OZGXS6DHhCiu1v2KUWwyNfUuVdznjbApo6efeaYrDk3vnZdfTH3idj0LuHeQ9dWbvu3sbswjoU6YX3jmWNXuE36hcS7Wgw/s320/Guldensporenslag-Nicaise_de_Keyser.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This social contract bound not only Gent to the Count of Flanders but
other Flemish cities with similar explicit conditions. It was this sense of a ‘broken
social contract’ that led the Flemish weavers and butchers to gather on the ‘groeneveld’
outside the walls of the city of Kortrijk on July 11, 1302.<a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn28" name="_ednref28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;">[xxviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Likewise, “The 1581 Act of Abjuration is reminiscent of Ivan of Aalst. By his
failure to respect the rights of his subjects, Philip II of Spain had lost his
right to rule the Netherlands.”<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn29" name="_ednref29" title="">[xxix]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_edn29" name="_ednref29" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In short, Thomas Jefferson borrowed
from the strongly Flemish authors of the Plakkaat. They in turn borrowed from
Flemish history and the rights of the medieval Flemish city states. Specifically,
they looked to the Flemish city states – especially Gent – and the associated
traditions of the rights of its citizens in their interaction with the Count of
Flanders. The connection then from Thomas
Jefferson, and other contributors to the declaration of Independence to the
authors of the Plakkaat, and back all the way to 12th century Gent is a direct
one. It is yet another example of the Flemish contribution to the Discovery and
Development of America.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Endnotes</span></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br clear="all" />
</span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="edn1">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[i]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Parenthetically <span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">on July 10<sup>th</sup> William of
Orange was assassinated (1584); of course, July 21<sup>st </sup> (1830) is the Belgian National Holiday. For</span>
one of the best overviews on this subject please see the superb survey by Dr.
Paul Belien, “How Flanders Helped Shape Freedom in America”, July 10, 2005
online posting in <i><u>The Brussels Journal</u></i>,
Accessed July 4, 2013: <a href="http://www.brusselsjournal.com/node/58">http://www.brusselsjournal.com/node/58</a></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[ii]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Congress
actually declared independence on July 2<sup>nd</sup>. Please see the Library
of Congress’ official chronology here: <a href="http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/declara/declara2.html">http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/declara/declara2.html</a></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[iii]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Barbara Wolff, June 29, 1988 “Was the Declaration of Independence Inspired by
the Dutch”, University of Wisconsin Madison News <a href="http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049">http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049</a> Accessed July 4, 2013.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[iv]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Joseph J. Ellis is the most extreme. He claims – in <u>American Sphinx: The
Character of Thomas Jefferson</u>, (), p. 59 – that Jefferson wrote the draft
in a day or two and suffered only a few minor edits from others. </span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[v]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“In <i>Liberty!</i> Thomas Fleming notes
that Jefferson did not boast about his authorship of the Declaration of
Independence.” Ray Raphael, <u>Founding Myths: Stories That Hide Our Patriotic
Past</u>, (New York: MJF Books, 2004), p. 107. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[vi]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
These included Roger Sherman of Connecticut and others. See <a href="http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/declara/declara3.html">http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/declara/declara3.html</a></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[vii]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
deleted sections included such bizarre passages as blaming King George for the
slave trade and insulting the British people. See Walter A. McDougall, <u>Freedom
Just Around the Corner: A new American History, 1585-1828</u>, (New York:
HarperCollins, 2005), First Perennial Edition, p.245.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[viii]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
See the Library of Congress website and the specific quotes here: <a href="http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/declara/declara3.html">http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/declara/declara3.html</a> Accessed July 4, 2013</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[ix]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
“De zo juist genoemde vraagpunten werden beantwoord in wisselwerking met de
groei van de politieke gemeenschapsvormen; in het kader dus van de evolutie van
de leenstaat naar de standenstaat en van deze naar de moderne rechtsstaat.
Sedert ± 1200 verschenen de zogenaamde Herrschaftsvertrage, waarin vorst en
'volk' </span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">schriftelijk onder het veiligstellen van een aantal
vrijheidsrechten een zekere deelneming van de standen aan het openbaar bestuur
vastlegden. Als sluitstuk van deze verdragsbepalingen fungeerde meestal een
regeling van het weerstandsrecht. De Magna Carta van Engeland van 1215, de
Gouden Bulle van Hongarije van 1222, de Brabantse akten: het Charter van
Kortenberg van 1312 en de Blijde Incomste van 1356 alsmede de vrijheidscharters
van de latere Brabantse hertogen, de Stichtse Landbrief van 1375 en het Gentse
Groot Privilege van Maria van </span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Bourgondië van 1477 zijn hiervan specimina. </span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Parallel hiermede ontwikkelde zich in de casuïstiek een
precedentenrecht, doordat men het geleerde en overeengekomene in praktijk
bracht. Wat Engeland betreft kennen wij onder andere de afzettingen van Edward
II in 1317, van Richard II in 1399, Karel Stuart in 1649 en Jacob II in 1688
(Glorious Revolution). Wat onze landen betreft vond de eerste verlating door de
standen plaats in Vlaanderen, toen Willem Clito in 1128 de trouw werd opgezegd.
En van Brabant weten wij dat enerzijds Wenceslaus in 1357 de Blijde lncomste
opzegde omdat de Brabantse steden hun plichten niet nakwamen, terwijl
anderzijds in 1420 de Staten een ruwaard aanstelden totdat hertog Jan IV de
privileges van Brabant in ere had hersteld.” J.P.A. Coopmans, “Het Plakkaat van
verlatinghe (1581) en de Declaration of Independence (1776),” <i>Bijdragen en Mededelingen betreffende
Geschiednis der Nederlanden</i> 98 (1983), 540-567. Accessed online July 4,
2013 <a href="http://www.knhg.nl/bmgn2/C/Coopmans__J._P._A._-_Het_Plakkaat_van_verlatinge_(1581)_en_d.pdf">http://www.knhg.nl/bmgn2/C/Coopmans__J._P._A._-_Het_Plakkaat_van_verlatinge_(1581)_en_d.pdf</a> p.558.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[x]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Ray Raphael, <u>Founding Myths: Stories That Hide Our Patriotic Past</u>, (New
York: MJF Books, 2004), p. 107. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[xi]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Stephen E. Lucas quoted in Barbara Wolff, June 29, 1988 “Was the Declaration of
Independence Inspired by the Dutch”, University of Wisconsin Madison News <a href="http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049">http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049</a> Accessed July 4, 2013.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref12" name="_edn12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[xii]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Which is much shorter and direct and frankly looks nothing like the Declaration
of Independence in my mind. The actual text can be found here: <a href="http://www.constitution.org/eng/conpur082.htm">http://www.constitution.org/eng/conpur082.htm</a>
. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref13" name="_edn13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[xiii]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The incomplete list of works in Jefferson’s library
are: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">143. Gazettes de Leyde, 11 v 40 1781-1793. 4, 5.<br />
170. Grotii Annales et historiae de rebus Belgicis fol<br />
62. Relationi del Cardinal Bentivoglio, Meerbecq, 1632, 12º.<br />
63. Della guerra di Fiandri dal Bentivoglio 1ma parte Colonia 1635, 12º.<br />
64. Dell histoira di Fiandri de Bentivoglio 2da parte Colonia 1636, 12º.<br />
65. Della guerra di Fiandri dal Bentivoglio, 3a parte, Colonia 1640,
12º.-<br />
171. Strada Histoire de la guerre de Flandres, par du Ryer, 2 v. fol. =<span style="color: #333333;"> Histoire de la guerre de Flandres by Famiano Strada,</span><br />
66. The same. Lat. 2 v 12º.<br />
67. Guerras de Flandes de Strada, por de Novar, 7 v 12º.<span style="color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> 68. Histoire de la
guerre de Flandre, par Strada, 2 v 12º.<span style="color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">155. Aitzema's history of
the United Netherlands, 1650, 1651, p. fol. =<span style="color: #333333;"> History of the United Netherlands by Lieuwe van Aitzema,</span><span style="color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">131. De Witt's state of
Holland, 8º. (= Pieter Le Court, Political Maxims of the State of
Holland) (nog missing in LoC) originlee in goglebooks
http://books.google.com/books?id=L8lbAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Aanwysing+der+heilsame+politike+gronden+en+maximen+van+de+Republike+van+Holland&source=bl&ots=QlgLqSS9PP&sig=rkedZn8lGTBUJ5tRyaD1VVeFgR4&hl=nl&ei=uzJUTKmkPIT78AaLkLWqAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false<br />
69. Histoire de la Hollande, 1609-1679, par Neuville, 4 v 12º. =<span style="color: #333333;"> Histoire de la Hollande 1609-1679 by Adrien Baillet</span><span style="color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">132. History of the United
Provinces, 1788, London, Johnson, 8º.-<br />
70. Revolution des Provinces-Unies de Mandrillon, 12º.-<br />
71. Vie de De Ruyter, 12º.- =<span style="color: #333333;"> Vie de Michel de Ruiter by Adrien Richer,</span><span style="color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> 72. Histoire du
Prince d'orange de Lamigue, 2 v 12º.-<span style="color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">According to
http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/coll/dutc.html also in Jeffersons bib:<span style="color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 11.45pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #333333;">History of the Treaty of
Utrecht,<br />
= ??</span><span style="color: #352629;"> The history of the
Treaty of Utrecht : Wherein is contain'd, a particular state of the affairs of
the allies at the commencement of that Treaty : And the negotiations at large.
With all the acts, memorials, representations, offers, demands, letters,
speeches. And the treaties of peace and commerce between Great Britain and
France, &c (online at http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4841650)<br />
of = ? Casimir Freschot,</span> The compleat history
of the treaty of Utrecht, as also that of Gertruydenberg: containing all the
acts, memorials, representations, complaints, demands, letters, speeches,
treaties and other authentick pieces relating to the negotiations there. To
which are added, the treaties of Radstat and Baden,<span style="color: #777777;"> A. Roper, and S. Butler, 1715</span>. My thanks to Professor Matthias Storme of KU Leuven
for these references (e-mail correspondence August 3, 2010.<span style="color: #444444;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14">
<pre style="background: white; line-height: 11.45pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref14" name="_edn14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[xiv]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> See <span style="color: #444444;"><a href="http://www.rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=TSJN-index-21-15-290-2&mode=TOC" target="_blank"><span style="color: #0068cf;">http://www.rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/default.xqy?keys=TSJN-index-21-15-290-2&mode=TOC</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></pre>
</div>
<div id="edn15">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref15" name="_edn15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[xv]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The Dutch text in a more legible format can be found here: <a href="http://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/Plakkaat_van_Verlatinghe">http://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/Plakkaat_van_Verlatinghe</a> The line-by-line Dutch with an accompanying
English translation (for most of the text) can be found here; <a href="http://www.h4.dion.ne.jp/~room4me/docs/abj_dut.htm">http://www.h4.dion.ne.jp/~room4me/docs/abj_dut.htm</a></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn16">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref16" name="_edn16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[xvi]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Barbara Wolff, June 29, 1988 “Was the Declaration of Independence Inspired by
the Dutch”, University of Wisconsin Madison News <a href="http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049">http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049</a> Accessed July 4, 2013. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn17">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref17" name="_edn17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[xvii]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
See J.P.A. Coopmans, “Het Plakkaat van verlatinghe (1581) en de Declaration of
Independence (1776),” <i>Bijdragen en
Mededelingen betreffende Geschiednis der Nederlanden</i> 98 (1983), 540-567.
Accessed online July 4, 2013 <a href="http://www.knhg.nl/bmgn2/C/Coopmans__J._P._A._-_Het_Plakkaat_van_verlatinge_(1581)_en_d.pdf">http://www.knhg.nl/bmgn2/C/Coopmans__J._P._A._-_Het_Plakkaat_van_verlatinge_(1581)_en_d.pdf</a> For one of the (many) counter-arguments to my
claim, see David Armitage, <u>The Declaration of Independence: A Global History</u>,
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007), pp.42-43.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn18">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref18" name="_edn18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[xviii]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Charles is generally considered to have been born in Ghent, today in East Flanders.
But recent scholarly activity uncovered proof that Charles was in fact born
near Eeklo, on the road to Ghent. See Romano Tondat, <u>Keizer Karel geboren te
Eeklo</u>, (Eeklo: Stadsbestuur, 2000). For a counter argument to Tondat’s
thesis, see Johan Dembruyne, <u>Corporatieve middengroepen: aspiranties,
relaties en transformaties in de 16de-eeuwse Gentse ambachtswereld</u> (Academia Press, 2002), p.613 n.46</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn19">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref19" name="_edn19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[xix]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="background: white; color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“The idea of
the rule of law was already present in Flemish cities in the twelfth
century….When count William Clito came to power in Flanders in 1127, he
guaranteed the inhabitants of his cities a right judgment of the cities’
aldermen against every man and against himself [the count]. The prince is
already [at this time then] subject to the laws. The 1127 city charters were
not mere words. On 16 February 1128, Ivan, Lord of Aalst, acted as the
spokesman of the city of Ghent before the count. Ivan rebuked the court [sic]
for not respecting the privileges he had given the burghers of Ghent and other
cities. To settle the matter, he proposed [that] a special court should
convene, in which the Peers of Flanders and representatives of the clergy and
the people would sit to judge over the count. If this court should find the
count unworthy of the countship, he would have to give it up. The count did not
agree to this and Ivan and Ghent rose in revolt.”</span><span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">“William was killed in the civil war that ensued
and a new count came to power. The background of the conflict was the opinion
of Ghent and other cities that there was a contractual relationship between the
count and the citizens. They recognized him as their lord and he, in turn,
recognized their privileges. If the count no longer respected his part of the
deal by acting against the rights of citizens, they had a right to break their
contract and to fight him. This contractual conception of the relationship
between ruler and subjects returns in the city charters granted by William’s
successor. Thereafter the counts managed to suppress it, but it reappeared at
regular times in Flemish history. In 1191 the first article of a charter for
the city of Ghent stated that the citizens were only subject to the count as
long as he wanted to treat them justly and reasonably….The 1581 Act of
Abjuration is reminiscent of Ivan of Aalst. By his failure to respect the
rights of his subjects, Philip II of Spain had lost his right to rule the
Netherlands.” See Hubert Bocken & Walter de Bondt,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><u>Introduction to Belgian Law</u>,
(Kluwer 2000) p.20, IV. “Belgium’s contribution to Law” My thanks to Professor
Matthias Storme for this reference.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn20">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref20" name="_edn20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[xx]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
An excellent chronology of the events leading up to the Plakkaat van
Verlatinghe can be found here: <a href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dutchstudies/an/SP_LINKS_UCL_POPUP/SPs_english/revolt_one/pages/chronology.html">http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dutchstudies/an/SP_LINKS_UCL_POPUP/SPs_english/revolt_one/pages/chronology.html</a>
</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn21">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref21" name="_edn21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[xxi]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
See for further points along this line of reasoning, see Stephen E. Lucas, “The
Act of Abjuration as a Model for the Declaration of Independence,” pp. 171-190
in Paul Brood and Raymond Kubben (eds.), <u>The Act of Abjuration: Inspired and
Inspirational</u>, (Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers, 2011); also Stephen E. Lucas,
“The Plakkaat van Verlatinghe: A Neglected Model for the American Declaration
of Independence,” in <u>Connecting Cultures: The Netherlands in Five centuries
of Transatlantic Exchange</u>, Rosemarijn Hofte and Johanna C. Kardux, eds.,
(Amsterdam: VU Press, 1994), pp. 189-207.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn22">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/dbaeckelandt/Downloads/The%20Connection%20Between%20July%204th%20and%20July%2011th.docx#_ednref22" name="_edn22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">[xxii]</span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The actual quote is <span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Ik kan niet genoeg betuigen hoezeer
ik geindigneert ben geweest bij de lecture van de acte van afzweeringe van de
konig van Engelant bij de Heeren Staeten der vereenigde colonien. Het is de
parodie van het stuk, dat onze voorzaeten deeden uitgeeven tegens konig Philips
de tweede. God geeve dat de geode zaek moeg triumpheeren en dat de colonien tot
redden mogen gebragt warden.” The entire correspondence can be found online at
Historici.nl under “</span>Archives ou correspondance
inédite de la maison d'Orange-Nassau<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">”, Serie 5, deel 1,
1766-1779, p.449</span>. Accessed July 4, 2013 <a href="http://www.historici.nl/retroboeken/archives/#source=25&page=500&size=800&accessor=toc1">http://www.historici.nl/retroboeken/archives/#source=25&page=500&size=800&accessor=toc1</a>.
</span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn23">
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Bio here: <a href="http://www.bossche-encyclopedie.nl/personen/hessels,%20andries.htm">http://www.bossche-encyclopedie.nl/personen/hessels,%20andries.htm</a> Accessed July 4, 2013</span></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration#cite_note-8">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration#cite_note-8</a> Accessed July 4, 2013</span></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration</a> Accessed July 4, 2013</span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">See
Hubert Bocken & Walter de Bondt,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><u>Introduction
to Belgian Law</u>, (Kluwer 2000) p.20, IV. “Belgium’s contribution to Law” My
thanks to Professor Matthias Storme for this reference</span>.</span></div>
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For a survey of books and movies on the subject of the battle of the Golden
Spurs (especially for English speakers) please see my blogpost here: <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2010/07/battle-of-golden-spurs.html">http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2010/07/battle-of-golden-spurs.html</a>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">See
Hubert Bocken & Walter de Bondt,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><u>Introduction
to Belgian Law</u>, (Kluwer 2000) p.20, IV. “Belgium’s contribution to Law” My
thanks to Professor Matthias Storme for this reference</span>.</span></div>
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Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-85827987180859107012013-02-03T21:27:00.000-06:002013-02-03T21:27:37.508-06:00The Flemish Origins of Baltimore<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVjejTBbYgwFMyyKv8Faccb9gH7luTwTfd771x8EgDw7OyObkAcgZv1Ju5rCGh5YQpOULYuLqzgI3HKcXFYm-S9FsT9CXSM27TJwpV7Kc-K8ZdCbg8PyxMprprpAPyS9dmBZRwiB_8QuE/s1600/super-bowl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVjejTBbYgwFMyyKv8Faccb9gH7luTwTfd771x8EgDw7OyObkAcgZv1Ju5rCGh5YQpOULYuLqzgI3HKcXFYm-S9FsT9CXSM27TJwpV7Kc-K8ZdCbg8PyxMprprpAPyS9dmBZRwiB_8QuE/s320/super-bowl.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tonight was the 47th Superbowl (American football championship) game here in the U.S. The competing teams were the San Francisco 49ers and the Baltimore Ravens. While I supported San Francisco, I really should have supported Baltimore. For with Baltimore we have the strongest claim to a Flemish origin.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The city of Baltimore is named after the Founder and Proprietor of the Colony of Maryland, Baron, Lord Baltimore. Lord Baltimore began life with a simpler name: George Calvert. Although born in Yorkshire, Calvert was keenly aware of his Flemish roots. In 1622, when King James I made Calvert a Baron, the official announcement read:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"we have seen an exact collection [of documents] made by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstegan" target="_blank">Mr. Richard Verstegan</a> an Antiquarie [=historian] in Antwerp sent over this last March 1622 by which it appears that the said Sir George is descended of a noble and ancient family of that surname in the Earldom of Flanders where they have lived long in great honor, and have had great possessions, their principal and ancient seat being in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wervik" target="_blank">Wervik</a> in the said province." <i>[source: John W. Jordan, <u>Colonial and Revolutionary Familes of Pennsylvania</u>, Vol.2, p.1107 - spelling modified to conform to modern usage].</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Given his Flemish roots, it is no surprise that Lord Baltimore's family flag was yellow and black (please see above). In fact, historians now believe that this was the first flag to be carried aloft by soldiers under the command of George Washington. More importantly, today's City of Baltimore flag is almost identical (please see below).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">So, when you think of the City of Baltimore in the future - whether because of the Superbowl or some other timely reference - remember also the modest town of Wervik in West Flanders from which his family hailed. Yet another instance of an unacknowledged contribution of the Flemish diaspora to the discovery and settlement of America.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i>Copyright 2013 by David Baeckelandt. All rights reserved. No reproduction permitted without my explicit written consent. </i></span>Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-16422872110713089502012-12-01T06:47:00.001-06:002014-08-18T15:40:30.315-05:00The Flemish Claim to Sinterklaas<br />
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<a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2011/12/flemish-claim-to-sinterklaas-in-america.html" style="color: #333333; display: block; text-decoration: initial;">The Flemish Claim to Sinterklaas in America</a></h3>
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On December 6th children in Flanders receive gifts. These gifts ostensibly come from Sinterklaas with the aid of his Moor assistant, "Swarte Piet". This tradition had strong Catholic origins, which of course made it anathema to 17th century convicted Calvinists. Thankfully, a few key members of the Dutch Reformed Church in Nieuw Nederland who had roots in officially Catholic Flanders were unwilling to give up their cultural traditions.<br />
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One of these influential individuals was Annetje Loockermans (<a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2011/03/anna-loockermans-flemish-mother-of.html" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;">whose story I have told earlier here</a>). Annetje was the sister of Govert Loockermans (the richest man in North America when he died in 1671) and together with several of her other brothers, represented the Brabantian town of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnhout" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;">Turnhout</a> well in 17th century America.</div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Annetje married Olaf van Courtlandt (of Scandinavian roots but born in the northern Netherlands) and her children led the Netherlandic colony culturally, politically and economically. Two in particular are often-cited by historians. Annetje's son <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_Van_Cortlandt" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;">Stephanus</a> was the first native-born mayor of New York City. Her daughter Maria at the age of 17 married Jeremias van Rensselaer (son of </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Kiliaen, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiliaen_van_Rensselaer_(merchant)" style="color: #999999; font-family: arial; text-decoration: initial;">founder of Rensselaerswyck</a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> and the </span><a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/search/label/Kiliaen%20van%20Rensselaer" style="color: #999999; font-family: arial; text-decoration: initial;">subject of recent books</a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">). To this union of Jeremias and Maria a long line of prominent Americans can trace their roots. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Later, when Maria's husband died, the young widow raised her children and kept the patroonship profitable. She also kept the traditions alive she had picked up from her Turnhouter mother Annetje. One of these traditions became the forerunner of the Sinterklaas ("Santa Claus") traditions we celebrate today.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">The earliest evidence of any practice related to Sinterklaas is found in the New York State archives. A surviving receipt from Wouter de Backer (Walter the Baker) to Maria van Rensselaer in 1675, (please see the embedded picture), </span><span style="font-family: arial;">says</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;"> (8 lines from the bottom) that in addition to cookies ("koeken"), Mrs. Van Rensselaer purchased 2 guilders and 10 stivers worth of Sinterklaas "goet" ["goodies"]. This is the earliest reference to anything connected to Sinterklaas that survives today in the archives of the European colonists in North America (please see an excerpt above and the<a href="http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/mssc/vrm/bakers_account.htm#" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;"> actual scanned image here</a>).</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Later descendants of Annetje Loockermans were to carry the Sinterklaas theme even further. The family tradition of Sinterklaas came to morph into a cultural tradition that became widespread by the end of the 18th century. An individual who married into one of Annetje Loockermans' descendants captured that tradition in rhyme. The result <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2010/12/flemish-american-origins-of-santa-claus.html" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;">gave us here in America the poem we know as "Twas the Night Before Christmas"</a> . And it is from this juncture that the date we celebrate Christmas migrated from the evening of December 5th/6th to December 25th. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial;">Cultural influences being what they are, Christmas is now celebrated even in non-Christian countries like India and Japan (albeit as a cultural, not a religious, holiday). In fact, the spirit of gift-giving and the recognition of this holiday is one of the amazing global cultural expressions of our time.</span></div>
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So as you hum the latest Christmas jingle, bake your Christmas 'goodies', or scramble for those last minute gifts, take a moment to reflect, if you will, on the debt owed to a few hardy Flemish women in 17th century Nieuw Nederland who transmitted their cultural traditions to the world from Turnhout.</div>
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<i>Copyright 2012 by David Baeckelandt. All rights reserved. No reproduction permitted without my express, written permission.</i></div>
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Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-1275681801190259152012-11-20T02:20:00.001-06:002014-08-18T15:41:59.397-05:00The Flemish Origins of America's Thanksgiving<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwd2SUcBMzO0z6KHrthMzxJ9tA7sZCeLMK-Y6KjgLqPbRd_NQJ8RY_hAlrhKKDdCjL6W97QWx_6gPZvG9_PNy1F88OhNqXv_FBww4esL1Lf00t4OEDBozZo6g3BDR2feBkT25x_JSheQ4/s1600/Leidens+ontzet_jpg.jpg" style="background-color: white; color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwd2SUcBMzO0z6KHrthMzxJ9tA7sZCeLMK-Y6KjgLqPbRd_NQJ8RY_hAlrhKKDdCjL6W97QWx_6gPZvG9_PNy1F88OhNqXv_FBww4esL1Lf00t4OEDBozZo6g3BDR2feBkT25x_JSheQ4/s400/Leidens+ontzet_jpg.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409568390657612818" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; height: 278px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><em style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><span style="font-size: 10.833333015441895px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The "Deliverance" of Leiden by the Flemish-led Sea Beggars, October 3, 1574.</span> </span></em><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><em>Thanksgiving is arguably the most American of holidays. Those of us with a secular bent look at it as not only a chance to feast on turkey and the fixings, but to reconnect with family. Those of us with a Christian bent fall to our knees in thanks to God for all that we have been blessed with. Regardless of emphasis, it is one holiday that transcends nearly every division in American society.</em></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;"><em>[i]</em></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;"><em><br />Although it needs no retelling, the story goes that after a bountiful harvest in the fall of 1621, the Pilgrims, in early October, invited 90 of the Wampanoag Indians nearby to join them for a three day feast of Thanksgiving to God. We are taught that the holiday was spontaneous, an outpouring in a sense of the religious fervor the Pilgrims</em></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;"><em>[ii]</em></span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"><em> felt and a mark of the goodwill between Native Americans and the Europeans. </em></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;"><em>[iii]</em></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;"><em><br />Whether religious or not, all Americans are taught from childhood that the holiday is a direct legacy of the Pilgrims’ survival of their first year in America. Since approximately 35 million of the 311 million Americans have an ancestor who was at this event</em></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;"><em>[iv]</em></span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"><em>, it stands to reason that this remains the prevailing view of the origins of our holiday.<br /><br />Over the past several years, historians have deduced that the Pilgrims adopted not only the language but also the habits and cultural influences picked up from their 11 year stay at Leiden, in the Netherlands. Leiden (or, as the Anglo-Saxon community spelled it, Leyden) was where in fact half of their church (and their beloved pastor, John Robinson) remained after 1620. The Pilgrims’ Thanksgiving feast, in fact, had remarkable echoes and similarities to the celebration instituted in Leiden after the repulse of a Spanish siege in the year 1574.</em></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;"><em>[v]</em></span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"><em><br /><br />One of today’s premier historians of the Pilgrims at Leiden is convinced that the connection between Leiden and the Pilgrims' First thanksgiving is direct:</em></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><em>“Inspired by Leiden's 3 October thanksgiving for the lifting of the siege of the city in 1574, the Pilgrims' festivity included prayers, feasting, military exercises, and games. In the nineteenth century the 1621 event served in the promotion of the American national holiday and became known as ‘the first thanksgiving’.”</em></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;"><em>[vi]</em></span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"><em></em></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><em>As regular readers may suspect, the Flemings</em></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;"><em>[vii]</em></span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"><em> contributed to this event and the holiday we now celebrate as Thanksgiving.</em></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwpHKgE1NyGxdgi4usA71WjcAYAC0gyISxIrcRjNVc3rzSaYLwLYceJRijbAm32dY77KBEauTocFzlbca6H67CyIzczLNmZkyZ00cICeQaR2wJO_Dwqsoj1Goh0rbhQbyvr9KD95nKDno/s400/Bestand+van+Leiden.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409567763591066466" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; height: 330px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><em><span style="font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">A romantic depiction of the mayor of Leiden offering his arms as food to the starving inhabitants of Leiden during the siege by the Spanish in the Fall of 1574</span></em></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><u>Leiden: A Flemish City</u> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;">To uncover the origins of Thanksgiving it is important that we understand the events in Leiden itself. The city of Leiden was a modest place until the mid-16th century. However, its importance to us – in our never-ending search for understanding of the Flemish contribution to the discovery and settlement of America – is central. To begin with, the bulk of the Pilgrims settling at Massachusetts in 1620 and a group of the settlers for Nieuw Nederland – the stretch of territory from Delaware to Manhattan to Albany – in 1624 had all lived in Leiden. Some of them even became citizens of the city (a difficult task). After in many cases more than a decade of living in Leiden they were thoroughly familiar with Leiden itself. The transplanting of Leiden’s customs to the New World, then, was a natural outcome. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;">As the fighting worsened between the Sea Beggars and the Spanish, the influx of Flemings into Leiden in the early 1570s became so large that by 1575 the locals were a minority of the population. Within 10 years (1586) refugees from the Southern Netherlands (including Flemings and Walloons) made up more than 85% of the population.</span></div>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[viii]</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> Thus a population that had been 10,000 in 1574 and no more than 12,000 in 1581 had doubled to 20,000 by 1600.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[ix]</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> By 1622, the year after the first Thanksgiving, the city had nearly doubled again, to 44,745 souls, of which 30,000 (67%) were not native.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[x]</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;"> Overwhelmingly, Leiden was a cosmopolitan place where Flemings constituted the largest ethnic bloc. As such, they literally and figuratively surrounded the Pilgrims in Leiden.</span><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><em><span style="font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">A modern picture of Leiden, with many buildings unchanged since the Siege of 1574.</span></em></span></div>
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Not all of these Flemish immigrants arrived directly from the South. Many that might superficially be labeled as English immigrants to Leiden, were in fact Anglo-Flemings. They and their children had lived in England but retained strong ties with Flanders. For example, in 1596 a group of Flemings were warmly received at Leiden, having moved en masse from Norwich where they had attended the "Dutch" Church at St. Andrews.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn11" name="_ednref11" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title="">[xi]</a> This church, incidentally, was the same church that John Browne, founder of the Separatists (as the Pilgrims’ branch of Christianity was then known) and his close friend John Robinson, pastor and head of the church the Pilgrims lived in and worshiped when they were in Norwich.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn12" name="_ednref12" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title="">[xii]</a> St. Andrews in Norwich is also where the core group of the congregation came from in 1604 that became the nucleus of the Separatist Pilgrims by 1608 (when they left England for Holland).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn13" name="_ednref13" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title="">[xiii]</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><br />The Flemings in Leiden not only arrived on their own impetus but were actively enticed by the City Fathers.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn14" name="_ednref14" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xiv]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> The Leiden municipality actively offered incentives for textile workers – especially those with knowledge of the New Draperies, an advanced method of creating woolen textiles that required specialized knowledge and were the hot products in Europe due to their lightness and durability.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn15" name="_ednref15" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xv]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> The influx of Flemings solidly turned Leiden, as one Flemish historian puts it, into a “Textile City”.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn16" name="_ednref16" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title="">[xvi]</a></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi74bDE7dNvmM90fcfc6tAvaxN1uUjkmNnU-wH9WzQAh6UhCFgF9lHufSWrtoI7IPKpA0-uPHk_hDYO3CS7Z-Rhwjr3ch9RCvJv6YWJ0qc6vKfdjlN3Sl8ceIUv63ItMC8-2SnbUpsyRGo/s400/Justus+Lipsius+486px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_1615.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409567770763607266" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px; text-align: center; width: 325px;" /><span style="font-size: 10.833333015441895px;"><em>Peter Paul Rubens - here on the far left - painted himself, his brother (next to him) Jan Wowerius (far right) and the famous Justus Lipsius, Flemish "Rector Magnificus" of Leiden in the 1615 painting "The Four Philosophers". </em></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">However, by the time the Pilgrims arrived in Leiden in 1609, Leiden had firmly acquired another status: that as the sole university town of the Dutch Republic. Since the whole of the Netherlands (what we would consider Benelux and northern bits of France) only had two universities (Leuven and Douai) before the addition of Leiden in 1575 this was quite an honor. More importantly, this was the first university open to all faiths.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn17" name="_ednref17" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title="">[xvii]</a> Since an infrastructure for higher learning simply did not exist in the North, virtually all university teaching staff were non-native. And the overwhelming majority of these were in fact Flemings – including the head of the university, Justus Lipsius, a Catholic.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn18" name="_ednref18" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title="">[xviii]</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><br />But all of these developments – and the link of Flemings with the Pilgrims – was in the future. The story of how Leiden came to be the birthplace of our Thanksgiving as well as a university town that the Pilgrims chose to settle in is directly tied up with the origins of Thanksgiving. </span><br />
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<img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtopAlzT8vmuknyuphIDDXxMuIAtD2wvOfvoG6iynjBameDB5gJUNe5X6hmQcK7FjuuaxW3A2Ctep-lBNs6eVY3izagXkNq8pRAN57gHL2ua3rdavVOwIkpzmAbjLI4PjxWt5r5T5XPrw/s400/watergeuzenpt.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409568401308850642" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; height: 257px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><em style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><span style="font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">A romanticized painting of the Sea Beggars in action in the North Sea</span></em><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><u>The Sea Beggars </u>Recall that by 1570 the Duke of Alva’s hardened veterans had subdued much of the Netherlands and compelled obedience to a Catholic regime under the rule of Spain. The Revolt by the Dutch speakers appeared all but over. Yet the quartering upon the local population of the oppressive Spanish, Italian and Walloon troops cost money that Spain did not always supply. The Duke of Alva sought to resolve this and imposed a tax to pay for these troops – called a “tenth penny” – in violation of the enshrined privileges of the Low Countries</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn19" name="_ednref19" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xix]</span></a><span style="font-family: arial;">. Only the States General – the parliament for the Netherlands north and south – could vote for taxes. The Dutch-speaking cities – both Catholic and Protestant – naturally rose up against this taxation without representation.</span><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></div>
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<em style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><span style="font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">An overhead map of the Deliverance of Leiden October 3, 1574. The importance that this action played in the success of the Dutch Revolt and its historiography cannot be overstated. Likewise, its role as the genesis of the Pilgrims concept of Thanksgiving brought to America. </span></em><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><br />Earlier, the Dutch-speakers' land-based military attempts to defeat the Spaniards with armies raised in France and Germany had failed miserably. These motley assortments were crushed. The Prince of Orange, around whom the resistance had coalesced, was forced to retreat back to the safety of his German possessions. The one real sanctuary for the Dutch-speaking freedom fighters was in England, amongst the Flemish émigré communitiers in the coastal towns of southeastern England. It is from here that money was raised by the émigré Flemish Protestant church congregations.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn20" name="_ednref20" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xx]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Funded by the industriousness of Flemish textile workers – weavers, fullers, dyers, and others – they not only supported their families and built their churches, but armed their sons and sent them into the fight.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn21" name="_ednref21" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xxi]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Often, this meant literally, in boats launched directly from the coast of England, to raid and disrupt the Spanish occupiers in Flanders, Brabant and Holland.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn22" name="_ednref22" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xxii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOwDOu24-gutBU9g917tTHyWvoXae8GYTKqqvMNAT-q7QTC5B_Aj5ZcVJUOdVqSviJe9R5jssICiM788rTuu54EAoo1w5OBNtn70PCK3FMe3-Srm2PrLF3AGj_ndFplzYtluQH7JqEYoI/s400/Admiraal+Lumey+van+de+Watergeuzen.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409567760868028962" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px; text-align: center; width: 354px;" /><em><span style="font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">Willem Van Der Marck, Lord of Lummen (aka "Lumey") and another Flemish commander of the Sea Beggars, as depicted in a contemporary print, after the victory of Den Brielle.</span></em> </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">The hit and run raids launched from England’s shores by the Flemish refugees did not go unchallenged by the Spanish government. Phillip II’s ambassador to England made it clear that continued permission, let alone active official encouragement, by Queen Elizabeth and her councilors of the actions of the Flemish militant émigrés, would be considered an act of war. Unwilling to risk a direct confrontation, Elizabeth expelled the armed mariners from England’s shores in March, 1572.<br /><br />Led by Flemish admirals, the Watergeuzen (Sea Beggars) sailed forth. At the top of the list of commanders was Dolhain, Adriaen van Bergues (originally from Sint-Winnoksbergen, now known as Bergues, near Dunkirk). He had created the Sea Beggars in 1570. More famous perhaps was Willem van der Marck – better known as “Lumey”, a reference to the fact that he was Lord of Lummen, a town in the province of Limburg – and Loedewijk van Boisot of Brussels. But all three, as well as numerous captains below them and the rank and file – were from the region that today we call Flanders.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn23" name="_ednref23" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xxiii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvuACGPjhvcRmrXCTMZW6qjGKjtDKiU2-4eJnPeWAI6ZGx6PxypDC_mXd5MB5anHSrV3e2ptEiplWg-7cZ0xEAqwVhZZn9yWda2GxDQTb8gYYWbTTlBEu85FfjfxJUjBpes71617LLa88/s400/De+inname+van+Den+Brielle+1571.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409567766825198978" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; height: 234px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><em><span style="font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">A colorful print of the time showing the Sea Beggars capturing Den Brielle.</span></em></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><br /><br /><br />In a bold move that many considered an important psychological turning point in the Dutch Revolt, under the command of van der Marck, the Sea Beggars captured the coastal town of Den Brielle, on April 1, 1572. The unexpected success at Den Brielle inspired the people of Vlissingen (known as Flushing in English) to rise up. At least a fifth of Flushing were Flemings, a steadily percentage that increased steadily over subsequent years<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn24" name="_ednref24" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title="">[xxiv]</a> . These Dutch-speakers expelled the Walloon garrison and declared for the Prince of Orange on April 6th. Hastily reinforced by a detachment from the victors of Den Brielle, the Flemings of Flushing gave the “Dutch Revolt” a firm foothold in the Netherlands. In a short time and one by one, other cities – including Leiden<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn25" name="_ednref25" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title="">[xxv]</a>– also expelled their Spanish, Italian and Walloon garrisons and declared themselves loyal to Prince William of Orange.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">Following a convention of the States General in July (1572)</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn26" name="_ednref26" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xxvi]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">, Prince William of Orange, represented by his spymaster and ambassador, the Brusselaar, Philip Marnix, Lord of St.-Aldegonde, was invested with the position of Stadtholder. The Dutch Revolt now had, thanks in large part to the leadership of the Flemish, a victory, distinct territory, and a sovereign ruler. By 1574, they also had a national anthem – the oldest in the world. – also due to the Fleming Marnix.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn27" name="_ednref27" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xxvii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> It is no accident that all of these factors came together in that same year, 1574, to give us the first true Thanksgiving, in the “Dutch” city of Leiden. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihmxhJwARCbTGlQIgfRdyXeZ-80I4QFgT4Ows5Q3CfiXmhdM7zj-HkEYHpg2_fzIe4oGxqBZf2xdfQ5jwt2PQ3SmeYaK3NQ8t0FDAXZZmg7OCFCPCXMM2NKD1a0M7rjGMaZVx8roj1wdw/s400/Leidens+Ontzet+Deliverance.bmp" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409572519083429154" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; height: 298px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><em>A contemporary print showing the stages of the Spanish Siege of Leiden, May - October, 1574.</em></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><br /><u>The Siege of Leiden</u><br />Prompted by victories at Haarlem and elsewhere, the fearsome Spanish <i>tercios </i>marched onward. By May 1574 they had surrounded the south Hollands town of Leiden. The trench fighting, cannon bombardments, and sorties by both sides, presaged more modern siege warfare. By October, the population, decimated by a third through disease and fighting, was ready to capitulate. A defeat would have been a disaster. It would have weakened the resolve of all the Dutch-speaking people for independence, and perhaps caused foreign assistance to dry up, as it had in 1572 when Queen Elizabeth expelled the Sea Beggars. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><br />
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<img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiDsD5HakjxyTjBFLDkq2XauTo6XX51WzioKAW7gm4l1IjCQVl_B1h-8IMRFuEGLnfr3gsCUTopTcVRBsU-PaF8oaiJHnhKIgjfcmXYjLtFq3I7b5DIwk882TpZRv1S2tPh1_OsICeoWM/s400/430px-Jonkheer_Lodewijk_de_Boisot_%2528Cornelis_Visscher%252C_1649%2529.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409566742176761698" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; height: 400px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px; text-align: center; width: 287px;" /><em style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><span style="font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">Loedewijk van Boisot, the Flemish Admiral of the Sea Beggars who broke the Spanish Siege of Leiden in 1574 and inspired an official celebration of thanksgiving by the townsfolk of Leiden.</span></em><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><br />The Sea Beggars themselves, under the command of their Brussels-born Admiral, Loedewijk van Boisot, assembled a riverine flotilla for the relief of the city. Against heavy resistance they made steady progress against the Spaniards. However, the Sea Beggars found it difficult to breach the outer ring of Spanish defenses. Even worse, while fighting towards Leiden, Admiral Boisot received word that the city was ready to capitulate to the Spaniards </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn28" name="_ednref28" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xxviii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> The people were starving and any determined assault by the Spanish would likely overwhelm the city's defenders. Such was the precariousness of the situation that if Leiden fell, the Revolt itself might falter.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn29" name="_ednref29" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xxix]</span></a><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><br />Fortunately, the Dutch had a spy in the Spanish camp. She was none other than the young wife of the Spanish commander. Magdalena Moons, the daughter of an Antwerpenaar, had married the Spanish general, Francisco Valdez.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn30" name="_ednref30" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xxx]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Secretly contacted by the Sea Beggars, she agreed to convince her husband to delay his final assault on Leiden by one day. Mustering every art of seductive persuasion, Magdalena was successful. General Valdez postponed the preparations for a storming of the city’s walls for 24 hours.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn31" name="_ednref31" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xxxi]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk-mbSMEpMHn1SDmCqn_z1eXXha1mJNycXUdBAU5MrT1fIFiNwbyXAFgkkKNUSiHsJmT6uJ1uZ0iKu3BqIXY1MK2LG6idE2XUIiz7kWSJv4mcYnKzeIDN2MyGWeDWJ-3xW-yqwtY4nCsw/s400/498px-Magdalena_Moons_%2526_Francisco_Valdez.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409570707028952962" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px; text-align: center; width: 332px;" /><em><span style="font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">Magdalena Moons and her husband the Spanish commander at Leiden, shortly after their marriage in Antwerp. It was thanks to this daughter of Antwerp that the Spanish delayed a final assault, permitting the Flemish-led Sea Beggars to surprise the Spanish and break the Siege of Leiden.</span></em> </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">The Sea Beggars under their Flemish Admiral took advantage of this temporary respite to renew their attack. The suddenness and fury of their assault took the Spaniards and Walloons by surprise. The Spanish troops and their Walloon auxiliaries fled in such haste that boiling black pots of stew – called hutsepot – were still simmering when the Sea Beggars overran the Spanish camp. The reception of the Sea Beggars in Leiden was ecstatic, even though the defenders were terribly gaunt, many near death. The city authorities viewed their survival as a sign of Divine favor and declared a day of Thanksgiving. The date, October 3rd, became enshrined in Leiden history and culture as a day of feasting and of giving thanks to God for their miraculous deliverance.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn32" name="_ednref32" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xxxii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><br />
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<img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdX2ErMNxAuAIYZNqvZrMaYx8dSTuaudnCQaDfKTBZu_bcP29V1Q2UCUvSDUT4WC8LIAhv4Axck8HZuspi-kBlyQt9Yyxrf3es2C8VA13NSdE67n11N3DgP6SXE3AUDBviawgMXHzZYo4/s400/Leidens_ontzet+1574.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409567771538956274" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; height: 260px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><em style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">The people of Leiden celebrating their deliverance by the Flemish-led Sea Beggars, October 3, 1574. </span></em><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><br /><u>Leiden University </u>Needless to say, the clamor to hear the tale resulted in a book, a ‘bestseller’ of its time</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn33" name="_ednref33" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xxxiii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">, about the heroic defense of Leiden – printed, of course, by a Fleming (from Antwerp).</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn34" name="_ednref34" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xxxiv]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Much of the focus of the book – by Jan Dousa – was on the heroic efforts of his military poet-friend (and later Secretary of the town), Jan Van Hout. A detail included in the retelling at each commemoration of the Siege of Leiden.<br /><br />As a reward for the city’s stout defense, in December, 1574, Prince William of Orange granted the city a choice of either relief from taxation or the privilege of establishing a university. After consultation, the city magistrates, chose the establishment of a university. The University of Leiden was established February 8, 1575. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><br />
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<img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLVLqIbpoW4T-DCE9mC1ApJIwwgntyiisqTHsKzdH3w6z_WWTRjB88E-984SZ07cDKgeIvzVhSmwG0P-bWzpf9I1upCmYezVFStTfh1TskwQm486QZ_TpSumpqzj7-iYPtY7bFdnWWGZ8/s400/Leiden+University+Bldg+1613.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409581204790637938" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; height: 287px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><em style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><span style="font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">The University of Leiden, just a short distance away from where the English Separatists (who became the American Pilgrims) lived in Leiden and where the pastor of the Separatists' church, John Robinson, studied theology under the Fleming Johannes Polyander.</span></em><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">Leiden became the first university in the Northern Netherlands – and the first Protestant university dedicated to a humanist education. Leuven, north of Brussels, and Douai, further south, emphasized an officially Catholic Low Countries education. Leiden University was to both influence and be influenced by the city. Leiden University attracted Catholics and Protestants from all around Europe.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn35" name="_ednref35" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xxxv]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> With the city, the university became a symbol of Leiden’s successful resistance to political and religious intolerance. For, despite its strong association with Protestantism (and especially Calvinism), the university was (as the best today are as well) agnostic to the beliefs of its teaching staff.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj474e96D4kQOW4mfgziphPvlQxj4yuj5NaBPMLH3o-QJh9LFr4kaAmdckyo-G75bj27taV9fXiCix7V6D0o7ocIh9yFG3D2bHJVS5FpeW-bX1s73SW1C2x1ChhI5uEjLit42toXmcToSw/s400/465px-Antonio_Moro_-_Willem_I_van_Nassau+1555.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409572510112821826" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px; text-align: center; width: 311px;" /><em><span style="font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">Prince William of Orange ("The Silent") in a 1555 painting. Heavily surrounded by numerous Flemish advisors, it was for Orange and freedom that the Dutch-speakers fought. </span></em></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">For starters, the primate of the university was Justus Lipsius, a Catholic Fleming</span><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn36" name="_ednref36" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xxxvi]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> who was appointed a professor of history. Nor was Lipsius alone. The university staff were overwhelmingly Flemings. A partial list of Flemish instructors at Leiden includes Franciscus Raphelengius (son-in-law of the printer Christoffel Plantin of Antwerp), Lambertus Barlaeus, Daniel Heinsius, Bonaventura Vulcanius, Antonius Walaeus, A. Damman, Arnoldus Geulincx, Antonius Thysius, Johan Bollius, Jeremias Bastingius, Petrus Bertius, Dominicus Baudius, Joost van Meenen, Franciscus Gomarus, and Johannes II Polyander van Kerckhoven.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn37" name="_ednref37" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xxxvii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Since at its largest during those first forty years, the student body never even reached 300 students at any one time, the impact and involvement of the faculty with students was close and personal.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn38" name="_ednref38" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xxxviii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><br />
<img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibVYJEyrIrDNaFBXxDjw7fcLhBCOPZ6k-0pzUJ0czAy-3DTxH5IMN6T_2VYPX63jGRiupgWTs-z-Ms3liNtIjlw5igphfHrvjxQS2ipp7o5n3k0eYC-ONm_pYIhwXEm6VbwEcWmOb9aGE/s400/Leiden+University+Library.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409581205803027026" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; height: 336px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><em style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><span style="font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">The University of Leiden library about the same time (1614) as John Robinson, pastor of the Separatists, was a student there. This became the largest library in Protestant Europe, and Leiden its most important university. But at the time the Pilgrims were in Leiden, annual enrollment was less than 300 students.</span></em><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">These happy circumstances continued until 1618-1620. During those years purges swept through the Dutch Republic and Leiden. Legions of professors lost their positions,</span><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn39" name="_ednref39" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xxxix]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> the Separatists lost their printing press and financial patron</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn40" name="_ednref40" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xl]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">, and even the supreme political leader of the Dutch Republic, Johannes Oldenbarnevelt (who had served in the Sea Beggars during the relief of Leiden), lost his life.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn41" name="_ednref41" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xli]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">These sweeping purges convinced many that it was time to move on. The congregation of slightly more than 100 mainly English Separatists, under the leadership of Pastor John Robinson, was among those that left Leiden in partial response to the anti-Arminian purges. The Pilgrims left the city of their 11 year sojourn with few possessions. But they moved onto the New World with strengthened faith, deepened Dutch, and strong traditions forged in Leiden. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwkzZYler_NCKQs0oXLaPBiFtx8Q5afcvyIwCAGsjDszo0sdGwfwNXNEpK90dZNP87caJ0f7wNzaskDvtZZ7rNQgYvQ9qUj1KPUORDGnozeO_HevBgxUsLizsIPbX6In2cQs-o1qI7oiY/s400/Arminian+Barricade+1618+Leiden.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409581199011852002" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; height: 287px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /><em><span style="font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">The Arminian riots of 1618 in Leiden. Sparked by the disputes between the Fleming Gromarus and the Dutchman Arminius, these disturbances were one of the factors that compelled the Pilgrims to leave for America in 1620.</span></em><br /><br /><br /><u>The Pilgrims and the First Thanksgiving </u>On March 1, 1586, exactly 14 years to the day after Queen Elizabeth expelled the Flemish-led Sea Beggars from England, Queen Elizabeth’s favorite courtier and her designate as Governor General over the Netherlands in their struggle against Spain, arrived in Leiden. The chief delegate for the Dutch government was Adolf van Meetkercke. A native of Brugge</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn42" name="_ednref42" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xlii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">, Van Meetkercke had served as the former President of the Council of Flanders.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn43" name="_ednref43" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xliii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> As Queen Elizabeth's representatives approached, Van Meetkercke met the Earl of Leicester with a sweeping bow that was so low in drew the scorn of his compatriots.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn44" name="_ednref44" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xliv]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Such was (and is) the importance of the deliverance of Leiden, that the Earl and his entourage were conducted to a pageant play that commemorated the Siege of Leiden in 1574.<br /><br />Among the Earl of Leicester’s entourage was the English diplomat William Davison as Ambassador to the States General of the Netherlands. Assisting Davison as assistant was a young William Brewster. This same William Brewster later became (first) spiritual and surrogate father to William Bradford (Governor of the Pilgrims at Plymouth and author of the most comprehensive account of the Pilgrim’s journey) and then the author, chief propagandist and publisher of the Pilgrim’s Press at Leiden as well as an Elder of the Separatists’ Church at Leiden. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><br /><br /><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgApk_KhFAD1AmDEcegQyAa27tDEG6q-xjPili82CjfUCShcH-s6WHaY2SEpWwlaArVLc9L_cqswBoywOS_TM-Vukx-OuwthY1LSvgabA_J-xMZqO4_zyEW54O4oVcbqwSU7R5LKHNO-yg/s400/404px-Jan_van_Hout_1542-1609.png" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409566403982668162" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px; text-align: center; width: 270px;" /><em><span style="font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">Jan Van Hout, a hero of the Siege of Leiden (whose story was printed by the Fleming Verschout) and the Town Secretary who granted permission to the Pilgrims to settle in Leiden, shortly before his death in 1609. It was likely the early connection between him and Pilgrim Elder William Brewster at the 1586 pageant celebrating the lifting of the Siege of Leiden that led the Pilgrims to relocate to Leiden.</span></em> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">One of the heroes of the siege, Jan Van Hout, was an author, a poet, a classicist and a close friend of the head of the university</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn45" name="_ednref45" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xlv]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">, Justus Lipsius.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn46" name="_ednref46" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;" title="">[xlvi]</a> Van Hout also </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">acted as Town Secretary. He held that position up until his death in 1609. One of Van Hout's final acts was to grant official permission to John Robinson and his church of 100 Separatists).</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn47" name="_ednref47" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xlvii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><br /><br />While it is possible that Van Hout may not have remembered Brewster – whom he first met on March 1, 1586 – it seems unlikely that the Pilgrims would have officially requested permission </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">(which was unnecessary)</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> to settle in Leiden unless they hoped that by doing so to gain some advantage for their congregation. Since Brewster was not just a member of Robinson’s congregation, but also an Elder of the Church and a close confidant of William Bradford (the Governor of the colony when it reached the New World) it seems unlikely to me that this was accidental. Certainly it must have been a factor in their considerations during the year (1608) they observed an increasingly disruptive environment among their co-religionists in Amsterdam.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn48" name="_ednref48" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xlviii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><br />During their <i>eleven year</i> stay in Leiden, the Pilgrims lived directly across the street from the center of October 3rd Thanksgiving celebrations: Pieterskerk (St. Peter’s Church).</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn49" name="_ednref49" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[xlix]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Every October 3rd municipal authorities passed out free herring and white bread (to commemorate the first rations received from the Sea Beggars that day on 1574). Since twenty-one Pilgrim families lived surrounding the garden outside the church, ample members of the congregation over the eleven years had a chance to observe the celebrations and absorb their meaning.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn50" name="_ednref50" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[l]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> The Pilgrim’s Separatist congregation met twice on Sunday and once on Thursday evenings – always at Robinson’s home across from Pieterskerk.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn51" name="_ednref51" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[li]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7g5O0ImsuHKds_TZB-te0A2anq3KY9A1YZFUdaGO4kuw-MeGWYq9b7Ms0HLOm8giokq7CAu_J49MWq0qk0bfq-qHstEq1zqPPywEJPvC3ZAl-w5BdtmIRD-CBwe-YUAnYm22IQqfGa5M/s400/Map+of+Pieterskerk+1600.jpg" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409581207480377154" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); display: block; height: 400px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px; text-align: center; width: 305px;" /><em><span style="font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">Willem Pieterskerk, where the annual Thanksgiving for the Deliverance of Leiden was celebrated every October 3rd and directly around which 21 families of the Separatist church lived. John Robinson's home where the Pilgrims worshipped 3x/week - was also immediately outside Pieterskerk. From the Pieterskerk to Leiden University was a short walk. </span></em></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">If they had not imbibed an understanding of the Leiden Thanksgiving celebrations from daily, close proximity to Pieterskerk, nor from initial and historical personal contact with one of the central characters of the city’s defense, Jan Van Hout, the Pilgrims certainly would have learned of it through their involvement with Leiden University. The University was only a short walk (less than 5 minutes away) from Pieterskerk. Moreover, Pastor John Robinson was a student (and protégé of the Flemish Professor Johannes Polyander) at the university. William Brewster too, while not officially a teacher at the University, taught University students English as a side job.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_edn52" name="_ednref52" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial;">[lii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><br />The Flemish influence on the Pilgrims during their stay in Leiden was pervasive. Not only were the majority of the population around the Pilgrims at Leiden Flemings, but the central formative cultural experience that melded a common consciousness for the city and university was defined by Flemish emigres. The holiday of Thanksgiving here in America, while today quite different from the celebration the Pilgrim Fathers witnessed in Leiden during their stay, is unquestionably tied into that event. The Flemish influence, then, on the Pilgrim’s celebration of the first Thanksgiving in America, was direct and immediate, and a legacy that we who share a Flemish heritage, can point to with pride as one of our contributions to the settlement of America.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><br />
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<img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv5LzWXMa4IOnz2NfVdwKHrMNyU4-NGv23KssxoBSAwdTBDSfEUBQIwGuvTVQ0TbPY4DyLCuSW9uIcnCdLcs0qifGv6PpAemGLfIbxRmRV4xDSwVgd7fAPEfb7y4SUed-d0xqkEhyphenhyphenrakw/s400/Thanksgiving.bmp" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409568396857214914" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); color: #333333; display: block; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; height: 400px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; margin: 0px auto 10px; padding: 4px; text-align: center; width: 312px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><em>Norman Rockwell's depiction of an American Thanksgiving dinner, while vastly different than the custom brought over from Leiden by the Pilgrims in 1620, looks like this today for many American families. </em></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><span style="font-size: 10.833333015441895px;"><u>Endnotes</u> </span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[i]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Thanksgiving does not of course resonate well in Native American circles. In fact, the holiday itself – infused as it is by our 19th century predecessors with romantic Victorian notions that imply a Divine blessing to the subsequent European occupation of the continent – is a painful reminder to the remnants of the Wampanoag, Pequot, and other tribes of the loss of political and cultural independence. See Nathanial Philbrick, <u>Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War</u>, (New York: Penguin, 2006), pp. 354-356. Incidentally, recent articles suggest that vegetarians are not enthusiastic. See Scott Bolohan, Page Four Columnist, “Thanksgiving? I’ll Take a Pass”, <em>Chicago Tribune’s Redeye</em>, Wednesday, November 25, 2009.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[ii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Please see Jeremy Dupertius Bangs, ‘Pilgrim Fathers (act. 1620)’, <em>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</em>, online edition, Oxford University Press, May 2007 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/93695, accessed<br />document.write(printCitationDate());<br />5 April 2009] at </span><a href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93695.html" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93695.html</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> for an excellent definition of exactly who the Pilgrim Fathers were. However, Dupertius’ numbers for the Flemings are dramatically understated. See Dr. J. Briels, <u>Zuid-Nederlanders in de Republiek 1572-1630: Een Demografische en Cultuurhistorische Studie</u>, (Sint-Niklaas: Danthe, 1985). </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[iii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">Intentionally I use the term “European” instead of “English”. The colonists may have been predominantly English, but not exclusively so. There was at least one Fleming and one Walloon in the mix. A fact I hope to further elaborate upon in a later post. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[iv]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> The 35 million number is found in Nathanial Philbrick, <u>Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War</u>, (New York: Penguin, 2006), p. 355. The 311 million is an estimate (see John Grimond, “Counting Heads” in The Economist: The World in 2010 , November, 2009, p. 46), </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[v]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Jeremy Dupertius Bangs in “Thanksgiving Day – A Dutch Contribution to American Culture?” in <em>New England Ancestors</em>Holiday 2000. Wade Cox, ed., “The Dutch Connection of the Pilgrim Fathers”, in Christian Churches of God, #264, 1998, p.4 (http://www.logon.org and </span><a href="http://www.ccg.org/" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://www.ccg.org</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> makes a connection between the first Thanksgiving and the Dutch <em>Dankdag voor Gewas</em> which I think is erroneous. But his connection between the Pilgrim Fathers and Annabaptism imported by Flemings is dead-on, although underdeveloped (details on why will be in a future blog posting). The official website for the Dutch festival can be found here: </span><a href="http://www.3october.nl/" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://www.3october.nl/</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[vi]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Jeremy Dupertius Bangs, ‘Pilgrim Fathers (act. 1620)’, <em>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</em>, online edn, Oxford University Press, May 2007 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/93695, accessed<br />document.write(printCitationDate());<br />5 April 2009] at </span><a href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93695.html" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/93/93695.html</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[vii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Technically, I should state that it is the contribution of Flemings, Brabanders, and Limburgers. But since this is a modern audience my definition is all those Dutch speakers in modern day Belgium and northern France. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[viii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Dr. J. Briels, <u>Zuid-Nederlanders in de Republiek 1572-1630: Een Demografische en Cultuurhistorische Studie</u>, (Sint-Niklaas: Danthe, 1985), pp. 125-134. An unlabelled table on p.134 has the percentages I refer to. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[ix]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Per Paul Paul Hoftijzer, quoting a contemporary writing in 1588: “voor eenighe jaeren geheel dedepopuleert synde ...tegenwoordich voor de meesten part ... bewoont by vremdelingen, uyt Brabant, Vlaenderen ende andere quartieren verdreven” (having been depopulated for some years … is currently inhabited for the most part … by foreigners driven from Brabant, Flanders,and other regions).” Paul Hoftijzer, “Leiden Miracle”, p.82 online here</span><a href="http://www.brill.nl/downloads/Brillin2007-EN-LeidenMiracle.pdf" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://www.brill.nl/downloads/Brillin2007-EN-LeidenMiracle.pdf</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[x]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Dr. J. Briels, <u>Zuid-Nederlanders in de Republiek 1572-1630: Een Demografische en Cultuurhistorische Studie</u>, (Sint-Niklaas: Danthe, 1985), “Table XXI: Immigratie in de Noordelijke Nederlanden-Samenvatting”, p. 214. Several other cities, such as Haarlem and Middelburg, also had more than 50% non natives in 1622. This has prompted Gusaaf Asaert, in De Val van Antwerpen en de Uittocht van Vlamingen en Brabanders, (Tielt: Lannoo, 2004), p.156, to call Haarlem (for example) “een half-Vlaamse stad”. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref11" name="_edn11" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xi]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> "Ondertussen hield ook de inwijking vanuit Engeland aan: nog in 1596 werden Vlamingen uit Norwich door de stad 'lief-flick, minnelick ende in der vruntschappe...ontfangen...ende met het borgerschap vereert.'" Quote from a Leiden magistrate found in Dr. J. Briels, <u>Zuid-Nederlanders in de Republiek 1572-1630: Een Demografische en Cultuurhistorische Studie</u>, (Sint-Niklaas: Danthe, 1985) p.127. My thanks to Ms. Siska Moens of Brussel, Mr. Luc Van Braekel (</span><a href="http://www.lvb.net/" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">www.lvb.net</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> ), and Mr. Frans Vandenbosch (author of more than 30 books) for assisting me with the translation of this archaic excerpt. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref12" name="_edn12" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">See Stephen S. Slaughter, “The Dutch Church at Norwich”, <em>Congregational Historical Society</em>, April 21, 1933, pp. 31-48, 81-96. Especially see pp. 31-32 for the connection between the “Dutch” [clearly Flemish] Church, the influx of Annabaptist theological concepts, and the direct connection between those thoughts brought over by the Flemish on Robert Browne and John Robinson. For a fascinating suggestion of an admittedly tentative link between the same Dutch Church at Norwich and Thomas Helwys, founder of the Baptist movement, see Ernest A. Kent, “Notes on the Blackfriars’ Hasll or Dutch Church, Norwich”, <em>Norfolk Archaeology</em>, 22 (1924–6), pp. 86–108. See especially p. 89 showing the burial tablet for Nicolai Helwys. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref13" name="_edn13" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xiii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Timothy George, <u>John Robinson and the English Separatist Tradition</u>, (Macon GA: Mercer University Press, 1982), p.79 </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref14" name="_edn14" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xiv]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Dr. J. Briels, <u>De Zuidnederlandse Immigratie, 1572-1630</u>, (Haarlem: Fibula van Dishoeck, 1978), p. 38. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref15" name="_edn15" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xv]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> My preference for anyone looking to understand the textile industry in Flanders and its connection to the wider world during this period is to begin with the University of Toronto’s John Munro. Munro’s impressive output nicely weaves [sorry] the whole together. See for example, his “Wool and Wool-Based Textiles in the West European Economy, c.800 - 1500:<br />Innovations and Traditions in Textile Products, Technology, and Industrial Organisation.” 24 November 2000, WORKING PAPER no. 5 UT-ECIPA-MUNRO-00-05. On-line version:<a href="http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/ecipa/wpa.html" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;">http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/ecipa/wpa.html</a> . Although riven through with a Belgicist viewpoint which minimizes the Flemish contribution, the standard work on the “New Draperies” probably still is Pirenne, Henri : "Une crise industrielle au XVIème siècle. La draperie urbaine et la "nouvelle draperie" en Flandre" in <em>Bulletin de l'Académie</em><br />Royale de Belgique, Classe des Lettres, n°5, 1905.</span><a href="http://digistore.bib.ulb.ac.be/2006/a12959_000_f.pdf" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://digistore.bib.ulb.ac.be/2006/a12959_000_f.pdf</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref16" name="_edn16" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xvi]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Gustaaf Asaert, <u>De Val van Antwerpen en de Uittocht van Vlamingen en Brabanders</u>, (Tielt: Lannoo, 2004), p.146 </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref17" name="_edn17" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xvii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Gustaaf Asaert,<u>De Val van Antwerpen en de Uittocht van Vlamingen en Brabanders</u>, (Tielt: Lannoo, 2004), pp.148-149. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref18" name="_edn18" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xviii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Gustaaf Asaert, <u>De Val van Antwerpen en de Uittocht van Vlamingen en Brabanders</u>, (Tielt: Lannoo, 2004), pp.188-192 </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref19" name="_edn19" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xix]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Much could be and has been written about the privileges of both the towns and the guilds of the Low Countries in general and specifically of Flanders. Those privileges were granted to keep the guilds happy. The guilds came together in response to control quality and pricing by artisans in each locality. Nearly all these guilds rose with the expansion of the textile industry in Flanders from the 1100s on. See</span><a href="http://www.corvalliscommunitypages.com/Europe/dutch_belgium/flanders.htm" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://www.corvalliscommunitypages.com/Europe/dutch_belgium/flanders.htm</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> for translations of the agreements between the guilds and the local rulers. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref20" name="_edn20" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xx]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Queen Elizabeth’s policy toward both the refugees on her soil and their support of the Dutch Revolt was inconsistent – but at times strongly encouraged. See Andrew Pettegree, <u>Foreign Protestant Communities in Sixteenth-Century London</u>, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p.268. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref21" name="_edn21" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xxi]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> For a good review of the Flemish émigrés in England and their contribution to the war effort at this critical juncture – and the only coherent discussion I have seen – see D.J.B. Trim, “Protestant Refugees in Elizabethan England and Confessional Conflict in France and the Netherlands, 1562-c.1610”, pp.69-73, in Randolph Vigne and Charles Littleton, eds., <u>From Strangers to Citizens: The Integration of Immigrant Communities in Britain, Ireland and Colonial America, 1570-1750</u>, (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2001), pp.68-79. Unfortunately, this four-page bit by Professor Trim is merely a sketch. A full book could be written on this subject. I have not been able to find any monograph on this subject but would love to see one. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref22" name="_edn22" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xxii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> The return of Flemish Protestants to Flanders in 1566 was just such a raid. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref23" name="_edn23" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xxiii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Gustaaf Asaert, <u>De Val van Antwerpen en de Uittocht van Vlamingen en Brabanders</u>, (Tielt: Lannoo, 2004), pp.211-214. Note that nearly the entire upper cadre of watergeuzen leaders at this time were from Flanders and Brabant. Ghislain de Fiennes, Lord of Lumbres, had originally organized the Sea Beggars in 1570. The liaison between Prince William of Orange and the Sea Beggars was Louis de Boischot’s brother Charles (also born in Brussel). Even the captains of the various ships – such as Antoon Utenhove from Ieper and Antoon van de Rijne from Oudenaarde. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref24" name="_edn24" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xxiv]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Dr. J. Briels,<u>Zuid-Nederlanders in de Republiek 1572-1630: Een Demografische en Cultuurhistorische Studie</u>, (Sint-Niklaas: Danthe, 1985), p. 192. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref25" name="_edn25" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xxv]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> See the translation of real documents related to this and other aspects of the Dutch Revolt here:</span><a href="http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/English/default.htm" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/English/default.htm</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref26" name="_edn26" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xxvi]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> See the translation of the address for this first convocation here: </span><a href="http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/English/default.htm" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/English/default.htm</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref27" name="_edn27" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xxvii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Phillips Marnix is credited with authoring <em>Het Wilhelmus</em>, the Dutch national anthem, which was first written down in 1574. See </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmus" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmus</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> . </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref28" name="_edn28" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xxviii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> See a translation here: </span><a href="http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/English/default.htm" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/English/default.htm</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Note that contrary to many popular histories, the mayor of the town (Pieter van der Werff) appears to have been ready to surrender.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref29" name="_edn29" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xxix]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> “The siege of Leiden, if not quite the longest – that of Middleburg was longer – was the costliest, hardest fought, and most decisive, as well as the most epic of the great sieges of the Revolt…had Leiden fallen, The Hague and Delft would have been untenable and the Revolt as a whole might well have collapsed.” Jonathan I. Israel, <u>The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall: 1477-1806</u>, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 181. Like many Dutch-centric historians, Israel completely ignores the contribution of Flemings to the Republic and the Revolt. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref30" name="_edn30" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xxx]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Recent technical advances in lithography made it possible to confirm that Moons was not the lover but the wife of Francisco Valdez. See </span><a href="http://www.art-innovation.nl/nieuws.php?id=30" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://www.art-innovation.nl/nieuws.php?id=30</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> . </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref31" name="_edn31" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xxxi]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Admittedly, most of my information here is culled from</span><a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Moons" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Moons</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref32" name="_edn32" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xxxii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> See the Dutch language site here: </span><a href="http://www.3october.nl/default.asp?id=792" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://www.3october.nl/default.asp?id=792</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref33" name="_edn33" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xxxiii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> See Paul Hoftijzer, “Leiden Miracle”, p.84 online here </span><a href="http://www.brill.nl/downloads/Brillin2007-EN-LeidenMiracle.pdf" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://www.brill.nl/downloads/Brillin2007-EN-LeidenMiracle.pdf</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref34" name="_edn34" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xxxiv]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> The name of the Antwerpenaar printer was Andrew Verschout. See Paul Hoftijzer, “Leiden Miracle”, p.84 online here </span><a href="http://www.brill.nl/downloads/Brillin2007-EN-LeidenMiracle.pdf" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://www.brill.nl/downloads/Brillin2007-EN-LeidenMiracle.pdf</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref35" name="_edn35" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xxxv]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Jonathan I. Israel, <u>The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall: 1477-1806</u>, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998),p.572. Here as throughout his book, like many other Dutch-centric historians, Israel completely ignores the contribution of Flemings to the Republic and the Revolt. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref36" name="_edn36" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xxxvi]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Technically Lipsius was a Brabander, born in Overijse,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overijse" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overijse</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> where the central market place is now named after him:</span><a href="http://www.overijse.be/index.asp" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://www.overijse.be/index.asp</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> . The university was officially established February 8, 1575.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref37" name="_edn37" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xxxvii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> This list was culled from Gustaaf Asaert, <u>De Val van Antwerpen en de Uittocht van Vlamingen en Brabanders</u>, (Tielt: Lannoo, 2004), pp.188-189. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref38" name="_edn38" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xxxviii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Jonathan I. Israel, <u>The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall: 1477-1806</u>, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p.572. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref39" name="_edn39" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xxxix]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Jonathan I. Israel, <u>The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall: 1477-1806</u>, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp.577-578. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref40" name="_edn40" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xl]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> See Rendel Harris and Stephen K. Jones, <u>The Pilgrim Press:A bibliographical & historical memorial of the books printed at Leyden by the Pilgrim Fathers</u>, (Cambridge: Feffer & Sons, 1922) found online here:<a href="http://www.archive.org/stream/pilgrimpressbibl00harriala#page/28/mode/2up" style="color: #999999; text-decoration: initial;">http://www.archive.org/stream/pilgrimpressbibl00harriala#page/28/mode/2up</a> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref41" name="_edn41" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xli]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Jonathan I. Israel, <u>The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall: 1477-1806</u>, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 485-491. Israel’s account is rich with analysis but poor on dates and chronology. For reference on dates, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_van_Oldenbarnevelt" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_van_Oldenbarnevelt</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref42" name="_edn42" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xlii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">Adolf van Meetkercke, a classical scholar, was a native of Brugge, according to a title on his book. See Adolphi Mekerchi Brugensis De veteri et recta pronuntiatione linguae Graecae commentarius </span><a href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0001/bsb00012953/images/index.html?id=00012953&fip=75.57.119.190&no=3&seite=2" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0001/bsb00012953/images/index.html?id=00012953&fip=75.57.119.190&no=3&seite=2</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> Van Meetkercke was also a good friend of the Antwerpenaar cartographer Abraham Ortelius, as evidenced by the poem he penned on the title page of Ortelius’ Atlas (ironically, dedicated to Phillip II in 1570). See</span><a href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/gnrlort.html" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/gnrlort.html</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> . As such, this implies contact with Emanuel Van Meteren (Ortelius’ close friend and cousin based in London) and Petrus Plancius. Adolf’s son Edward later became a professor of Hebrew at Oxford. See Ole Peter Grell,<u>Calvinist Exiles in Tudor and Stuart England</u>, (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996), p. 237. All four of Van Meetkercke’s sons joined and officered in the English army in the Netherlands in the 1580s-1590s.Baldwin, Adolf’s second son, was knighted by Sir Francis Drake at Cadiz in 1596 for his heroism against the Spaniards. See D.J.B. Trim, “Protestant Refugees in Elizabethan England and Confessional Conflict in France and the Netherlands, 1562-c.1610”, pp.72-73, in Randolph Vigne and Charles Littleton, eds., <u>From Strangers to Citizens: The Integration of Immigrant Communities in Britain, Ireland and Colonial America, 1570-1750</u>, (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2001), pp.68-79. The Van Meetkerckes were not only co-religionists but friends of Emanuel Van Meteren, historian and the Antwerp-born “Dutch” Consul in London.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref43" name="_edn43" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xliii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> See A.G.H. Bachrach, <u>Sir Constantine Huygens and Britain: 1596-1687 – A Pattern of Cultural Exchange</u>, (Leiden: Leiden University Press, 1962), pp. 150-151. Van Meetkercke was an early supporter of William of Orange and ended up becoming a very close friend of the Earl of Leicester but when he was disgraced, fled to London. Like many Flemish immigrants to England, one of his sons served with conspicuous bravery in the English navy well and was knighted. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref44" name="_edn44" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xliv]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> The author of this critique was Frans van Dusseldorp, a Dutch Catholic with strongly pro-Spanish sentiments who eventually was ordained a priest. Although he died in obscurity, his “Annales” offer a different perspective of Dutch history during this time. For my reference to the original statement seeJ.A. Van Dorsten, <u>Poets Patrons and Professors: Sir Philip Sidney Daniel Rogers and the Leiden Humanists</u>, (Leiden: Leiden University Press, 1962), p.115. For a discussion of the Annales in Dutch, please see Robert Fruin’s Verspreide Geschriften, Volume 7, p.237. The out-of-print book is accessible online here:</span><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=keJMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA267&lpg=PA267&dq=dusseldorpius&source=bl&ots=CT-dYMrIqU&sig=yWqCwlGN2eNvD7XXVF-AeSbbuqU&hl=en&ei=lF8RS87qC4biMfb7zYIM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=dusseldorpius&f=false" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://books.google.com/books?id=keJMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA267&lpg=PA267&dq=dusseldorpius&source=bl&ots=CT-dYMrIqU&sig=yWqCwlGN2eNvD7XXVF-AeSbbuqU&hl=en&ei=lF8RS87qC4biMfb7zYIM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=dusseldorpius&f=false</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> . An excellent book review that includes a description of Dusseldorpius (as he was more generally known) in English by George Edmundson in the English Historical Review (1895: pp. 579-582) is accessible here:</span><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=BpPRAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA7-PA580&lpg=RA7-PA580&dq=%22Frans+van+Dusseldorp%22,+%22leicester%22&source=bl&ots=duNO93aMB_&sig=kLzUlirDstDWQOmtqjRHFlHktKo&hl=en&ei=-F8RS46dApS6MMql8DM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Frans%20van%20Dusseldorp%22%2C%20%22leicester%22&f=false" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://books.google.com/books?id=BpPRAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA7-PA580&lpg=RA7-PA580&dq=%22Frans+van+Dusseldorp%22,+%22leicester%22&source=bl&ots=duNO93aMB_&sig=kLzUlirDstDWQOmtqjRHFlHktKo&hl=en&ei=-F8RS46dApS6MMql8DM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Frans%20van%20Dusseldorp%22%2C%20%22leicester%22&f=false</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> . </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref45" name="_edn45" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xlv]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">The correct term was actually “rector magnificus”. See Paul Hoftijzer, “Leiden Miracle”, p.89 online here </span><a href="http://www.brill.nl/downloads/Brillin2007-EN-LeidenMiracle.pdf" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://www.brill.nl/downloads/Brillin2007-EN-LeidenMiracle.pdf</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref46" name="_edn46" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xlvi]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> “In the 1580s Lipsius was the intellectual glory of Leiden and all Holland.” Jonathan I. Israel, <u>The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall: 1477-1806</u>, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p.575. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref47" name="_edn47" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xlvii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> John Robinson’s request to move his church congregation of 100 from Amsterdam to Leiden is dated February 12, 1609. See a copy of the text here</span><a href="http://www.revjohnrobinson.com/pieterskerk2.htm" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">http://www.revjohnrobinson.com/pieterskerk2.htm</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref48" name="_edn48" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xlviii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> John Robinson appears to have tired of the scandals, the sniping, and the dogmatic lack of charity in the Separatist Amsterdam Church. See Frederick James Powicke, <u>Henry Barrow, Separatist, 1550-1593 and The Exiled Church of Amsterdam, 1593-1622</u>, (London: James Clarke & Co., 1900), pp.278-279. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref49" name="_edn49" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[xlix]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> B. N. Leverland and J. D. Bangs, <u>The Pilgrims in Leiden, 1609-1620</u>, (Leiden: Leiden Pilgrim Documents Center of the Municipal Archives, no date). No page numbers in this brief text. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref50" name="_edn50" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[l]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> B. N. Leverland and J. D. Bangs, <u>The Pilgrims in Leiden, 1609-1620</u>, (Leiden: Leiden Pilgrim Documents Center of the Municipal Archives, no date). No page numbers in this brief text. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref51" name="_edn51" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[li]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;">B. N. Leverland and J. D. Bangs, <u>The Pilgrims in Leiden, 1609-1620</u>, (Leiden: Leiden Pilgrim Documents Center of the Municipal Archives, no date). No page numbers in this brief text. Please also note that not only was Professor Polyander close to John Robinson he also apparently knew William Brewster well, since he has provided the preface for Proverbia on January 11, 1617 - one of the twenty books Brewster printed on the Pilgrim's Press at Leiden. See Rendell Harris and The Pilgrims' Press, (Cambridge: Heffner & Sons, 1922), p.48. Polyander (born in Gent) was also the professor - and "the chief preacher of the city' who reputedly asked John Robinson to publicly debate against the Arminian Episcopus in 1618. See William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647, (New York: McGraw Hill: 1981), Francis Murphy, ed., pp.21-22. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=9185379563111172153&postID=5605467001618426538#_ednref52" name="_edn52" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px; text-decoration: initial;" title=""><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px;">[lii]</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 10.833333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> B. N. Leverland and J. D. Bangs, <u>The Pilgrims in Leiden, 1609-1620</u>, (Leiden: Leiden Pilgrim Documents Center of the Municipal Archives, no date). No page numbers in this brief text.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333015441895px; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"> </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 20.79166603088379px;"><i>Copyright 2009 and 2012 by David Baeckelandt. All rights reserved. No reproduction in any form allowed without my express, written permission.</i></span>Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-41837978283504512072012-09-11T11:36:00.002-05:002012-09-11T11:36:44.931-05:00RIP Patrice Braut<div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwHjEaUfF4qahlii7970iOj1D29wMfoWhycPolHUO1UrBRAX83I0rJ3mqD2ItaDuz_i3V5TtHjzKM7ZYwJ-ubrKJvG-ytr_mRn-ltXZgbZJKum8NLLCUIiwsLffIOUF4Jty3Qg_vswDSg/s1600/PatriceBraut.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwHjEaUfF4qahlii7970iOj1D29wMfoWhycPolHUO1UrBRAX83I0rJ3mqD2ItaDuz_i3V5TtHjzKM7ZYwJ-ubrKJvG-ytr_mRn-ltXZgbZJKum8NLLCUIiwsLffIOUF4Jty3Qg_vswDSg/s1600/PatriceBraut.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: arial;">Today is the 11th anniversary of 9/11. This blog's focus is the "Flemish Contribution to the Discovery and Settlement of America". The implicit message being of course that that contribution is ongoing. Flemings of the late 20th and early 21st century who leave Flanders and put their shoulder to the effort are a critical part of what makes this country great. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeaCebMlWth46ibpKtM6_-1Yq7NQWrpMI_ktWtLsNN3ntvlr42AIuofRLiW5Fbdg_c4pyEDt3SIeP50a6-ziXffxwdRO7Bd2918b10VTz8rQHPdhjwkgQ1ZcBY73VzdmBDORiFUpr2NLo/s1600/Patrice+Braut's+Parents.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeaCebMlWth46ibpKtM6_-1Yq7NQWrpMI_ktWtLsNN3ntvlr42AIuofRLiW5Fbdg_c4pyEDt3SIeP50a6-ziXffxwdRO7Bd2918b10VTz8rQHPdhjwkgQ1ZcBY73VzdmBDORiFUpr2NLo/s320/Patrice+Braut's+Parents.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial;">Patrice Braut was one of these Flemings. Patrice was 31 years old when he was killed in the 9/11 attacks. He worked on the 97th floor of the North Tower for a firm called Marsh & Maclennan. A native of Anderlecht, Patrice left behind friends, a fiance, and a reputation for dogged tenaciousness. He deserves to be remembered.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Copyright 2012 by David Baeckelandt. All rights reserved. No reproduction without my express, written consent.</span><br />
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Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-32102567981866068362012-08-26T14:21:00.000-05:002012-08-26T22:24:09.406-05:00The Flemish Origins of America's Elite<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfVa57RAmfNbBNUt6KCvp9Q4Rf_o0EvMpHRwszZezwD8-MPSCPddaTJAE_6qqRVdJnGMP9juC-3TkSHEOcGB9PeqPEHmYed1g-xzxMKdXQOWGcTRUnQ5_YyAqLWl3yNqj1Dmcb6NOv4pk/s1600/De+VS+hebben+diepe+Vlaamse+wortels.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfVa57RAmfNbBNUt6KCvp9Q4Rf_o0EvMpHRwszZezwD8-MPSCPddaTJAE_6qqRVdJnGMP9juC-3TkSHEOcGB9PeqPEHmYed1g-xzxMKdXQOWGcTRUnQ5_YyAqLWl3yNqj1Dmcb6NOv4pk/s320/De+VS+hebben+diepe+Vlaamse+wortels.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Last week, August 15, 2012, an interview of me appeared in </span><a href="http://www.pallieterke.info/" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">‘t Pallieterke</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
(Issue #33, p.11 - please see the above). The title: "De VS hebben diepe Vlaamse wortels" [The US has deep Flemish roots]. The cause for the interview was my announced appointment as the new Chairman of the Board (Voorzitter)
of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazette_van_Detroit" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Belgian Publishing Inc</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> – the publisher of the </span><a href="http://www.gazettevandetroit.com/" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Gazette van Detroit</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Friend and fellow Board Member <a href="http://lvb.net/" target="_blank">Luc Van Braekel</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151185448082704&set=a.286010662703.181904.572682703&type=1&theater" target="_blank">posted this interview to Facebook</a> (here: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151185448082704&set=a.286010662703.181904.572682703&type=1&theater">https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151185448082704&set=a.286010662703.181904.572682703&type=1&theater</a>
). One individual derisively compared my claims of Flemish involvement in
America to something fanciful. Needless to say, I found this both offensive and
disappointing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Simple falsehoods are often best refuted directly.
Unfortunately an easily accessible, yet verifiable, genealogical tree no longer
exists online. To rebut this gentleman’s statement I offer the below family tree (saved from several years' prior internet trawling). The original creator of this tree has either
vanished or intentionally eliminated his posts, since a quick online check came up empty. [If you are the original creator, please kindly contact me and upon
verification of your authorship I will post credit to you here.]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">My contribution to the below is to sprinkle the tree with links to external, online references and to make some bio and spelling edits. The ultimate result - I hope - is to better make my case for the Flemish roots of these famous
Americans. Prominent individuals in these trees have a link to an online bio
posted. Their Flemish ancestors’ data (dates, place of birth, some sources)
are sometimes included. As such, any further mistakes are mine alone.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcozarSRWOrN9RpdIEyzr0P9g2bg71rar1R1kgL56BLUQxN4Nez0cScm7RxO00lbYn7xnp42_ThTYQXlUulRw1brDvn1S322detPonzOTpYQF411nbTTA8SDs0q6BeaM-f8zT9f3voBRI/s1600/450px-Gent_Sint-Baafskathedraal.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcozarSRWOrN9RpdIEyzr0P9g2bg71rar1R1kgL56BLUQxN4Nez0cScm7RxO00lbYn7xnp42_ThTYQXlUulRw1brDvn1S322detPonzOTpYQF411nbTTA8SDs0q6BeaM-f8zT9f3voBRI/s320/450px-Gent_Sint-Baafskathedraal.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">St. Baafs Cathedral Gent</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGQQFUfP8yqbAZtTW-ne7oJDipDsDrTSpqPLJYEjr3YFAbpJz0-P9IvgiHW23KwMMR-bvDfUTmU7eZAkdxw3YATiVvlp_DDYWGim9_ikm1sVkbpRX2IdS1dWQ_DoW8lIkbsH3_2Y1bfL0/s1600/St+Baafs+Gent+Kooromgang.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGQQFUfP8yqbAZtTW-ne7oJDipDsDrTSpqPLJYEjr3YFAbpJz0-P9IvgiHW23KwMMR-bvDfUTmU7eZAkdxw3YATiVvlp_DDYWGim9_ikm1sVkbpRX2IdS1dWQ_DoW8lIkbsH3_2Y1bfL0/s320/St+Baafs+Gent+Kooromgang.JPG" width="160" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Interior of St Baafs Cathedral Gent</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span lang="DE"><a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2009/07/gentenaars-of-nieuw-nederland.html" target="_blank">Pieter Winne</a> [bap <a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.-Baafskathedraal" target="_blank">St. Baaf Cathedral,</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent" target="_blank">Ghent</a>, Flanders, April 14, 1609]</span></span></b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">- Tannetje Adams<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">|<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">|___Adam Winne<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Anna Loockermans [daughter of Pieter Loockermans, of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnhout" target="_blank">Turnhout</a>]<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Catelynetje Winne<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Christopher Yates<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Johannes Yates<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Rebecca Waldron<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Angeltje Yates<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Cornelius <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Schaick" target="_blank">Van Schaick</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Maria <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Schaick" target="_blank">Van Schaick</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - James J. Roosevelt<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Cornelius Van Schaick Roosevelt<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Margaret Barnhill<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Theodore <st1:place w:st="on">Roosevelt</st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Martha Bulloch<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" target="_blank">THEODORE ROOSEVELT</a> [26th President]</b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-d0J3dWXfFmjxMKkevspoKL-rSz20SVPKbicHtKm_Mz8WWaTISZUUkTdiLU3XZRUT0UsqfYDc85mQr4kGtGmxLmOBPeSl2RImXQNCJ8kxxDl8nijSrKRKZbEx4JofnBzWJP3zQu1HRoM/s1600/399px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_John_Singer_Sargent,_1903.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-d0J3dWXfFmjxMKkevspoKL-rSz20SVPKbicHtKm_Mz8WWaTISZUUkTdiLU3XZRUT0UsqfYDc85mQr4kGtGmxLmOBPeSl2RImXQNCJ8kxxDl8nijSrKRKZbEx4JofnBzWJP3zQu1HRoM/s320/399px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_John_Singer_Sargent,_1903.jpg" width="214" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Teddy Roosevelt</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><b>
</b></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Elliot <st1:place w:st="on">Roosevelt</st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Anna Rebecca Hall<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" target="_blank">ANNA ELEANOR ROOSEVELT</a> [First Lady]</b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" target="_blank">FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT</a> [32nd President]</b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">|<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">|___Lavinus Winne<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Willempje Viele<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Sarah Winne<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - John Waters<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Jannetie (Jane) Waters<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Gerrit J. Lansing<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lansing" target="_blank">JOHN Ten Eyck LANSING</a> [Lansing, Michigan] </b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">|<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">|___Daniel Winne<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Dirkje Van Ness<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Willem Winne<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Maria de Wandelaer<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Elizabeth Winne<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">| - Johanes Knickerbocker, Jr.<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">| |___</span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span lang="DE"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmen_Jansen_Knickerbocker" target="_blank">HARMEN KNICKERBOCKER</a> [ca 1650-ca 1720]</span></span></b><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">|<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">|___Rachel Winne<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> - <a href="http://www.fonda.org/" target="_blank">Jillis Fonda</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> |___Douw Fonda<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> - Maritje Vrooman<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> |___Adam Fonda<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> - Neeltje Breese<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">|___Douw Adam Fonda<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> _ Lavina Breese<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">|___Garrett Tunis B. Fonda<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> - Rachel Polhemus<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;">|<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> |___Ten Eyck Hilton Fonda<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> - Harriet McNeil<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> |___William Brace Fonda<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> - Herberta Jaynes<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Mm_6iszQ3KUee1YXpRUBwYdhO8eDWQ6xsVyezPHgJ73vXHks5KZaJT1HKSdJ6PTQayWtPYpqg8MHX8nK4fVWTABcSergGGRXBXxeFV99Ulcp1MCtEpQ2XCYap133PpZnBJr33Kp-9Lk/s1600/Henry_fonda_promo_photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Mm_6iszQ3KUee1YXpRUBwYdhO8eDWQ6xsVyezPHgJ73vXHks5KZaJT1HKSdJ6PTQayWtPYpqg8MHX8nK4fVWTABcSergGGRXBXxeFV99Ulcp1MCtEpQ2XCYap133PpZnBJr33Kp-9Lk/s200/Henry_fonda_promo_photo.jpg" width="160" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Henry Fonda</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: DE;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">|___</span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span lang="FR"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fonda" target="_blank">HENRY JAYNES FONDA</a> [1905-1982]</span></span></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> - (1) </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span lang="FR">Margaret Sullivan</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> - (2)Frances Ford Seymour<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - (3) Susan Blanchard<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | - (4) Afdera Franchetti<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | - (5) Shirlee Mae Adams<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |___<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fonda" target="_blank">PETER FONDA</a> [1940 - ]</b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | - Susan Brewer<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | |___<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget_Fonda" target="_blank">BRIDGET FONDA</a> [1964 - ]</b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXeAqBYBk6ZRv9aksfB9m0pRJDx3mhGjYTmb_8wMGPUs0vmmrIl0NW8yWwPD0h5imZcWjPv8A7yXxkLiw23jAiBxcnlMmn4kNpU52I_EFj_7TaP08JBTRfaT_MnokPbSa3PKW9QYOY5DA/s1600/447px-Jane_Fonda_Cannes_nineties.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXeAqBYBk6ZRv9aksfB9m0pRJDx3mhGjYTmb_8wMGPUs0vmmrIl0NW8yWwPD0h5imZcWjPv8A7yXxkLiw23jAiBxcnlMmn4kNpU52I_EFj_7TaP08JBTRfaT_MnokPbSa3PKW9QYOY5DA/s200/447px-Jane_Fonda_Cannes_nineties.jpg" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jane Fonda</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |___<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Fonda" target="_blank">JANE FONDA</a> [1937 - ]</b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></pre>
<pre><b></b>
<b></b></pre>
<pre><b>
</b></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxPOEz5pxg4XitjnlwaN_eUwLFTcoRdheesfbUmZ8reL3mL1uSAKsUD68ZQyPtZMjRdpK_XXEa0kJEzRUZuXqttKOQas7wFSTfeVOIX8jKwlanECmEY8QuaEtT7RXjd7-EkzdH906Mvc4/s1600/800px-Turnhout%252C_Sint_Pieterskerk_foto15_2010-10-03_13_10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxPOEz5pxg4XitjnlwaN_eUwLFTcoRdheesfbUmZ8reL3mL1uSAKsUD68ZQyPtZMjRdpK_XXEa0kJEzRUZuXqttKOQas7wFSTfeVOIX8jKwlanECmEY8QuaEtT7RXjd7-EkzdH906Mvc4/s320/800px-Turnhout%252C_Sint_Pieterskerk_foto15_2010-10-03_13_10.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">St Pieterskerk Turnhout</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre></pre>
<pre><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://www.turnhout2012.be/content/programma?cnpage=1&cdbid=c957eb0e-3cac-47c2-93ed-e75c081d5ff5" target="_blank">JACOB LOKERMANS</a> </span></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #2a2a2a; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnhout" target="_blank">Turnhout</a> worden de doopregisters bewaard van Godefridus Lokermans (2 juli 1612) en zijn zuster Anna (17 maart 1618), kinderen van Jacob Lokermans en Maria Nicasius. Ook hun broer Pieter (geboren 5 oktober 1614) liet sporen na in zijn geboorteplaats. In de Sint-Pieterskerk op de Grote Markt van Turnhout, waar Anna en Godfridus (De Latijnse naam Godefridus werd in het protestantse Noorden al snel Govert) gedoopt werden, rust nog steeds een van hun nazaten." - Karl VandenBroeck e-mail 10-10-2010</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">- Maria Nicasius<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">|<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">|___Pieter Loockermans [1614 - ?] Born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnhout" target="_blank">Turnhout</a> <o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Maritje Duncanson<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Hilletje Loockermans<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Cornelis Stephense Mulder<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Maria Muller<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Stephanus <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Alen" target="_blank">Van Alen</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Christina <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Alen" target="_blank">Van Alen</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - William <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Alstyne" target="_blank">Van Alstyne</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |__Maria <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Alstyne" target="_blank">Van Alstyne</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Richard B. Esselsteyn<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Maria B. Esselsteyn<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Anson Fowler<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Melzar <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowler,_New_York" target="_blank">Fowler</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Clarissa Spicer<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="29"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Nancy Maria Fowler<o:p></o:p></span></a></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_McCormick" target="_blank">CYRUS HALL MCCORMICK</a> [Inventor of reaper]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0lj70LAcY5HsOJEsZUv_hzfiLm6FhX2Gkbxj9TsV7xOgk68PbCpljhKQSoIYzal4DNHgVJFjhiNRMcWP8R_NBkhcJb9pkU5yukSDVAOjbI0w-RLtDNy-mlq894fLcCFE_o5H_pR7NJ3Q/s1600/800px-Cyrus_Hall_McCormick_at_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4390.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0lj70LAcY5HsOJEsZUv_hzfiLm6FhX2Gkbxj9TsV7xOgk68PbCpljhKQSoIYzal4DNHgVJFjhiNRMcWP8R_NBkhcJb9pkU5yukSDVAOjbI0w-RLtDNy-mlq894fLcCFE_o5H_pR7NJ3Q/s200/800px-Cyrus_Hall_McCormick_at_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4390.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cyrus Hall McCormick</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicRqaL-8ifEBv3I0AB0JOGVzaHnVGuvIuSasQMt5dogqxdNpAopI9K0h8FdUHZ5HcpFZi0Takltcaf77uGG3mRofNSh1sOEW1Kyi6MnWDwuNJRQiGkAUf6-lusmSeBPJDfXyIqWcTzWis/s1600/800px-McCormick_Twine_Binder_1884.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="129" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicRqaL-8ifEBv3I0AB0JOGVzaHnVGuvIuSasQMt5dogqxdNpAopI9K0h8FdUHZ5HcpFZi0Takltcaf77uGG3mRofNSh1sOEW1Kyi6MnWDwuNJRQiGkAUf6-lusmSeBPJDfXyIqWcTzWis/s200/800px-McCormick_Twine_Binder_1884.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Reaper</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Anna Loockermans<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Adam Winne<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Catelynetje Winne<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Christopher <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_C._Yates" target="_blank">Yates</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Johannes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_C._Yates" target="_blank">Yates</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Rebecca Waldron<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Angeltje <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_C._Yates" target="_blank">Yates</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Cornelius <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Schaick" target="_blank">Van Schaick</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Maria <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Schaick" target="_blank">Van Schaick</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - James J. Roosevelt<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Cornelius Van Schaick Roosevelt<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Margaret Barnhill<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Theodore <st1:place w:st="on">Roosevelt</st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Martha Bulloch<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" target="_blank">THEODORE ROOSEVELT</a> [26th President]</b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Elliot <st1:place w:st="on">Roosevelt</st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Anna Rebecca Hall<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="2"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___ </span></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" target="_blank">ANNA ELEANOR ROOSEVELT</a> [First Lady]</span></b></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" target="_blank">FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT</a> [32nd Pres.]</b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicrd3ah3RcMGJ-U8_Z6K_XkxK-IxqdIJdv_IBHOf4oPzjgT0zSTtZi9LAE5Rzy1l66PEynYi0kB0icgV5MKItgQjoMSEXnjlfL_m9gUmn-hFkPGC8aHQTXjLnaaGYwg21sHWXECwBDfEY/s1600/Anna_Eleanor_Roosevelt.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicrd3ah3RcMGJ-U8_Z6K_XkxK-IxqdIJdv_IBHOf4oPzjgT0zSTtZi9LAE5Rzy1l66PEynYi0kB0icgV5MKItgQjoMSEXnjlfL_m9gUmn-hFkPGC8aHQTXjLnaaGYwg21sHWXECwBDfEY/s200/Anna_Eleanor_Roosevelt.gif" width="149" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Eleanor Roosevelt</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP2Xw9-7T6-jhBwv4KimlUA499MBcVf76ECqjynaXFKRtQvjQEo9RbzBeYoOkfrI_PxmLY90U6h31m8fy9mFHG076E1-szDFtMokfkdu63rDkyee42mHIXui849ApzpdXGg1EdaWP9jzw/s1600/509px-FDR_in_1933.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP2Xw9-7T6-jhBwv4KimlUA499MBcVf76ECqjynaXFKRtQvjQEo9RbzBeYoOkfrI_PxmLY90U6h31m8fy9mFHG076E1-szDFtMokfkdu63rDkyee42mHIXui849ApzpdXGg1EdaWP9jzw/s200/509px-FDR_in_1933.jpg" width="169" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">|</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">|___Jacob Loockermans [ ] Born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnhout" target="_blank">Turnhout</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - (_?_)<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Caatje Loockermans<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Wesel</st1:place></st1:city> Ten Broeck [Family originally from Antwerp]<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Dirck <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Ten_Broeck_House" target="_blank">Ten Broeck</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Margarita Cuyler<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Dirck <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Ten_Broeck_House" target="_blank">Ten Broeck</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Margarita Cuyler<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Catharina <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Ten_Broeck_House" target="_blank">Ten Broeck</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - John Livingston<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___James <st1:place w:st="on"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_family" target="_blank">Livingston</a> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Livingston_the_Elder" target="_blank">Robert Livingston</a>'s mom: <a href="http://www.iment.com/maida/familytree/henry/genealogy/robert2.htm#philip" target="_blank">Janet Fleming</a>]</st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | _ Elizabeth Simpson<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Margaret Chinn <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_family" target="_blank">Livingston</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Daniel Cady<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="3"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___</span></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" target="_blank">ELIZABETH CADY</a> [Started <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States" target="_blank">Women's Suffrage</a>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Henry B. Stanton<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Harriet Eaton Stanton<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - William Henry Blatch<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |__Dore Stanton Blatch<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="4"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - </span></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_deforest" target="_blank">LEE DEFOREST</a> [Inventor - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_deForest" target="_blank">1st Walloon</a>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpj_Eeld2pRwiGVyqV1si-H_u1mmsCtaRTHKGRkkxD0dM-cob31KG6Qbk_djrhVFNfF6j_jjarUweyqVLfRrx5wz2GlkZRcER0TiG7RfajC4SmaRzXzGNWCS4ZLiz2LFPMdVBfpIXL-1E/s1600/Lee_De_Forest.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpj_Eeld2pRwiGVyqV1si-H_u1mmsCtaRTHKGRkkxD0dM-cob31KG6Qbk_djrhVFNfF6j_jjarUweyqVLfRrx5wz2GlkZRcER0TiG7RfajC4SmaRzXzGNWCS4ZLiz2LFPMdVBfpIXL-1E/s200/Lee_De_Forest.jpg" width="143" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lee De Forest</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">
</span></b></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Christina Ten Broeck<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Livingston" target="_blank">PHILIP LIVINGSTON</a> [Signer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Declaration_of_Independence" target="_blank">U.S. Declaration of Ind</a>.]</b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Philip Philip <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_family" target="_blank">Livingston</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Sara Johnson<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Philip_Livingston" target="_blank">EDWARD PHILIP LIVINGSTON</a> [New York politician]<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - <st1:street w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on">Elizabeth Street</st1:address></st1:street> <st1:place w:st="on">Livingston</st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Robert Edward <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_family" target="_blank">Livingston</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Susan Maria Clarkson de Peyster [F<a href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674198012" target="_blank">amily's origins: Gent</a>]<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodhue_Livingston" target="_blank">GOODHUE <st1:place w:st="on">LIVINGSTON</st1:place></a></b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Elizabeth <st1:place w:st="on"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_family" target="_blank">Livingston</a></st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Dr. Edward Hunter Ludlow<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Mary Livingston Ludlow<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Valentine Gill Hall, Jr.<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Anna Rebecca Hall<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Elliot Roosevelt<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" target="_blank">ANNA <b>ELEANOR ROOSEVELT</b></a> <o:p></o:p></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">[First Lady]</b></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" target="_blank">FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT</a> </b><o:p></o:p></span><b style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">[32nd Pres.]</b></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Catherine <st1:place w:st="on"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_family" target="_blank">Livingston</a> [Daughter of Independence Signer]</st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_van_Rensselaer_II" target="_blank">Stephen Van Rensselaer II</a> [Gson of <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2011/03/anna-loockermans-flemish-mother-of.html" target="_blank">A. Loockermans</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremias_van_Rensselaer" target="_blank">thru Maria</a>]<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="5"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___</span></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer" target="_blank">STEPHEN VAN RENSSELAER</a> [10th richest in 18th c]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Margaret Schuyler<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiCRZ9dZNLPYsLXEyVSzhfcxeeErXc8MzmfTEtsqU5hMHmO4taCGOf00XKkrG7G8qihZNVNA_uogKLMmBauPU7l2U89Bv7Ohko_ep27EWKHWUJX9-Q2VureO2aFrpWu9LhoQtCendAHc4/s1600/463px-Stephen_van_Rensselaer_III.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiCRZ9dZNLPYsLXEyVSzhfcxeeErXc8MzmfTEtsqU5hMHmO4taCGOf00XKkrG7G8qihZNVNA_uogKLMmBauPU7l2U89Bv7Ohko_ep27EWKHWUJX9-Q2VureO2aFrpWu9LhoQtCendAHc4/s200/463px-Stephen_van_Rensselaer_III.png" width="154" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stephen Van Rensselaer III</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">
</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Stephen Van Rensselaer<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Harriet Elizabeth <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_family" target="_blank">Bayard</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Cornelia Paterson Van Rensselaer<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Nathaniel Thayer, Jr. [son of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Thayer" target="_blank">NT</a>; g-g gson of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cotton_(puritan)" target="_blank">John Cotton</a>]<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Cornelia Van Rensselaer Thayer<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Hon. <a href="http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/1998JamesHampdenHouse.pdf" target="_blank">James Hampden Robb</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Louisa Robb<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - <b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_1799672743">GOODHUE </a><st1:place w:st="on"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodhue_Livingston" target="_blank">LIVINGSTON</a> [Prominent Architect]</st1:place></b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><b><st1:place w:st="on">|</st1:place></b></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">|___<a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2011/03/anna-loockermans-flemish-mother-of.html" target="_blank">Anna Loockermans</a> [1618- 1684] Creator of the Santa Claus tradition<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja3KaBq07XJlm_uZthOv-BYNIL7ipraBkHgKm3U1dDfvOD1CykpfhyH2H3AyQ8E_C-LS8sZqBvr7DqLxMhhnBX037GLjXJ2s2UodqQntk0e1uxtL_-Bwe0E7iWwYT-faIcmXtqgA_7v4I/s1600/l3_Judith_Leyster_(1609-60)__Portrait_of_a_Woman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja3KaBq07XJlm_uZthOv-BYNIL7ipraBkHgKm3U1dDfvOD1CykpfhyH2H3AyQ8E_C-LS8sZqBvr7DqLxMhhnBX037GLjXJ2s2UodqQntk0e1uxtL_-Bwe0E7iWwYT-faIcmXtqgA_7v4I/s200/l3_Judith_Leyster_(1609-60)__Portrait_of_a_Woman.jpg" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Judith Leyster's(1609-1660) "Portrait of a Woman" - <br />
Portrait of Annetje Loockermans' contemporary</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">
</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Olof Stephense Van Cortlandt<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_Van_Cortlandt" target="_blank">Stephanus Van Cortlandt</a> [1643-1700] 1st native-born Mayor of NYC]<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Gertruyd Schuyler [sister of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Schuyler" target="_blank">Pieter Schuyler</a>, Governor of New York] <o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Margareta Van Cortlandt<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Samuel <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_family" target="_blank">Bayard</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Bayard" target="_blank">Nicholas Bayard</a> [Broome St Manhattan = "Bayard's Lane"]<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Elizabeth Rynders<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Nicholas <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_family" target="_blank">Bayard</a>, Jr.<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Catharine Livingston<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Eliza <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_family" target="_blank">Bayard</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - John Houston McIntosh<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Eliza Bayard McIntosh<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Duncan Lamont Clinch<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Elizabeth Bayard Clinch<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="6"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - </span></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://www.civilwarhome.com/Andersonbio.htm">ROBERT ANDERSON</a> [Cmdr <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" target="_blank">Ft. Sumter 1861</a>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Martha Latham Anderson<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Woodbury Blair<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Ethel Anderson Blair<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - William Brooks Clift<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="7"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___</span></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Clift" target="_blank">(EDWARD) MONTGOMERY CLIFT</a> [Actor]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjvv81v3JE0KlWpRZ52rYdSY0rMcDnIColaDiCjkbtrLFtuBrUmL-B_lN1LotWBREuFQm_0urBy7IGBY_zmiSDCDJFOjTSJ68CdIJ10NaVPzFmUhWX3iU0HqwgD_8pohE4PYAQm4uh2jc/s1600/412px-Clift,_Montgomery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjvv81v3JE0KlWpRZ52rYdSY0rMcDnIColaDiCjkbtrLFtuBrUmL-B_lN1LotWBREuFQm_0urBy7IGBY_zmiSDCDJFOjTSJ68CdIJ10NaVPzFmUhWX3iU0HqwgD_8pohE4PYAQm4uh2jc/s200/412px-Clift,_Montgomery.jpg" width="137" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Actor Montgomery Clift</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Geertruyd Bayard<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Peter Kemble<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="8"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___</span></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Kemble_Gage" target="_blank">MARGARET KEMBLE</a> [ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere" target="_blank">Paul Revere</a>'s spy!]</span></b></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gage" target="_blank">Hon. General THOMAS GAGE</a> [British General] </b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjrDDHvHtY15v5VnTgtVFyy_T51gi10UxwgJ-wyrukuevubrq21_IR6SxwxQToVXzyEnr03Xp0a3zW7X70L27M3M67PhtDg-mq_cwNw_1IH3RBEhYHAaGTmbcdQ1VqY7LIptY9LbWjStI/s1600/493px-Margaret_Kemble_Gage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjrDDHvHtY15v5VnTgtVFyy_T51gi10UxwgJ-wyrukuevubrq21_IR6SxwxQToVXzyEnr03Xp0a3zW7X70L27M3M67PhtDg-mq_cwNw_1IH3RBEhYHAaGTmbcdQ1VqY7LIptY9LbWjStI/s200/493px-Margaret_Kemble_Gage.jpg" width="163" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Margaret Kemble</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgclvELC2ilOA_YbOUHxQ002jJAQWVFP9K1OPwgBwCT9biQ2lqmRzKVaYUzbIuAcYf2yIZjUqiwqmYCWMEus_NZW7w8ydhus6X5c6JNn-oqFdTS-YeZ7lhqzCUNMjuSN9HYWTYh8eh-k5Q/s1600/479px-Thomas_Gage_John_Singleton_Copley.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgclvELC2ilOA_YbOUHxQ002jJAQWVFP9K1OPwgBwCT9biQ2lqmRzKVaYUzbIuAcYf2yIZjUqiwqmYCWMEus_NZW7w8ydhus6X5c6JNn-oqFdTS-YeZ7lhqzCUNMjuSN9HYWTYh8eh-k5Q/s200/479px-Thomas_Gage_John_Singleton_Copley.jpeg" width="159" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">General Thomas Gage</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<pre><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">| |</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_Van_Cortlandt" target="_blank">Stephanus Van Cortlandt</a> [Chief Justice of New York]<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Catharina Staats<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Anna Van Cortlandt<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_DeLancey" target="_blank">Stephen De Lancey</a> [Major figure in early 18th c America]<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Ann De Lancey<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | - John Watts<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |___Susannah <st1:place w:st="on">Watts</st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | - Philip Kearny, Sr.<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="9"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |___</span></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Watts_Kearny" target="_blank">STEPHEN WATTS KEARNEY</a> [Conquered Calif.]</span></b></pre>
<pre><pre><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">| | | | - Mary Radford [stepdaughter of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clark_(explorer)" target="_blank">William Clark</a>]</span></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmDwB_4GTOKEddoBnYAZEIp9q4z_h88SXxvOR2XA2VAk9-DY63N3Cma8eR3jRvSGMWc7VgBTCta7zfHmcRonc45yHT9T00EWR4axhVnxLqUs3GQOaBizD5YTojvkZUAiCCXlHyqUMkJ_4/s1600/508px-Stephen_W._Kearny.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmDwB_4GTOKEddoBnYAZEIp9q4z_h88SXxvOR2XA2VAk9-DY63N3Cma8eR3jRvSGMWc7VgBTCta7zfHmcRonc45yHT9T00EWR4axhVnxLqUs3GQOaBizD5YTojvkZUAiCCXlHyqUMkJ_4/s200/508px-Stephen_W._Kearny.jpg" width="168" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stephen Watts Kearney</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">| | | | |</span></pre>
</pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |___Robert <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Kearney</st1:place></st1:city><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | - Ann Livingston Reade<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |___Susan Watts Kearny<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | - <st1:street w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on">William Ingraham Street</st1:address></st1:street><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |___Anna </span><st1:street w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Livingston Street</span></st1:address></st1:street><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | - </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Parsons_Morton" target="_blank">LEVI PARSONS MORTON</a> [22nd Vice Pr of the U.S.]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Susan Van Cortlandt De Lancey<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Warren_(admiral)" target="_blank">Sir Peter Warren </a>[Br. Admiral, MP, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1745)" target="_blank">conquers Nova Scotia</a>]</b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9fWwSZHa9rA6gjmRonKlwz5n2Wiihisva6lQ_WBsabGFA1z8mNeSGEY8BLD3-M0wLEbveNsoxE7lrK1QERBiMy0Egbtk_F1scVJS9AE_lyIXiUwN6wXvyvms-jIU-0E36IKNIGaMpMGg/s1600/476px-Admiral_Sir_Peter_Warren.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9fWwSZHa9rA6gjmRonKlwz5n2Wiihisva6lQ_WBsabGFA1z8mNeSGEY8BLD3-M0wLEbveNsoxE7lrK1QERBiMy0Egbtk_F1scVJS9AE_lyIXiUwN6wXvyvms-jIU-0E36IKNIGaMpMGg/s200/476px-Admiral_Sir_Peter_Warren.jpg" width="159" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Admiral Sir Peter Warren</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><b>
</b></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Pieter De Lancey<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Elizabeth Colden<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="11"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Alice De Lancey<o:p></o:p></span></a></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | - </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Izard" target="_blank">RALPH IZARD</a> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" target="_blank">President Pro Tempore</a> of U.S. Senate]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___John De Lancey<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - (__)<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="12"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Anna Charlotte De Lancey<o:p></o:p></span></a></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Loudon_MacAdam" target="_blank">John Loudon MacAdam</a> [1st modern road-builder]</b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="13"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Susan Auguste De Lancey<o:p></o:p></span></a></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" target="_blank">JAMES FENIMORE COOPER</a> ["<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_of_the_Mohicans" target="_blank">Last of the Mohicans</a>"]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFA_6YzgHLo-wjI0f67s21jx6M2-SoelBXxzi7lAaAwYhyphenhyphenxFAvEMeHw-QSVSRIdcwqLbuGThe3RsIAyMFOy5WO6SV4SkLEVsXVhUyOaNDLGYC6lqh4fhGvLrBrNklDTMPLdcuFlh-aukU/s1600/Photograph_of_James_fenimore_Cooper_by_Mathew_Brady+1850.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFA_6YzgHLo-wjI0f67s21jx6M2-SoelBXxzi7lAaAwYhyphenhyphenxFAvEMeHw-QSVSRIdcwqLbuGThe3RsIAyMFOy5WO6SV4SkLEVsXVhUyOaNDLGYC6lqh4fhGvLrBrNklDTMPLdcuFlh-aukU/s200/Photograph_of_James_fenimore_Cooper_by_Mathew_Brady+1850.jpg" width="156" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">James Fenimore Cooper in 1850</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">| | |</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Philip Van Cortlandt<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Catharine De Peyster<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Stephen Van Cortlandt<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Mary Walton Rickett<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___<a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=V000022" target="_blank">Philip Van Cortlandt</a> [Congressman in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" target="_blank">Revolutionary War</a>]<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Catherine Ogden<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Elizabeth Van Cortlandt<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - William Taylor<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="14"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Catharine Eliza Taylor<o:p></o:p></span></a></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2011/12/flemish-claim-to-sinterklaas-in-america.html" target="_blank">CLEMENT CLARK MOORE</a></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDV5BuobYd1zP2pcwYjYMqB5brVhEzIu6oSu6cNQV1UzdCYiDRl8rl3DjvwDkqWwJwjytFGwFr5Low1P_idlVAiEbgxdukOMzDcNtOEIpUpk6kZPQaE7E9l_ktRxyIQE3JItlaVL5Jxlg/s1600/482px-The_Author_of_'A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas'_-_Clement_C._Moore_crop.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDV5BuobYd1zP2pcwYjYMqB5brVhEzIu6oSu6cNQV1UzdCYiDRl8rl3DjvwDkqWwJwjytFGwFr5Low1P_idlVAiEbgxdukOMzDcNtOEIpUpk6kZPQaE7E9l_ktRxyIQE3JItlaVL5Jxlg/s200/482px-The_Author_of_'A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas'_-_Clement_C._Moore_crop.png" width="160" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Clement Clarke Moore</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGKeNtZFT71p-XbrDB0fHKR1xPXvuBmUj5p97EwHSE0ACH3kRWmNuFia55-wc4fKcSJBUM1aYMYZ3IXzdyEIlK9Pkr5JeeF0wY5zv8-a_8kqjD7XNDU15Q02qhyphenhyphenvuA5dFXomPhQED3UX4/s1600/Tales+of+Holland+p89.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGKeNtZFT71p-XbrDB0fHKR1xPXvuBmUj5p97EwHSE0ACH3kRWmNuFia55-wc4fKcSJBUM1aYMYZ3IXzdyEIlK9Pkr5JeeF0wY5zv8-a_8kqjD7XNDU15Q02qhyphenhyphenvuA5dFXomPhQED3UX4/s200/Tales+of+Holland+p89.jpg" width="190" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sinter Klaas</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">| | |</span><br />
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Gertrude Van Cortlandt<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Peter Schuyler<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="28"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Cornelia Schuyler<o:p></o:p></span></a></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://www.potifos.com/tpg/bio/livingston.html">WALTER LIVINGSTON</a></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Margaret Maria Livingston<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | - Robert L. Livingston<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |___Cornelia Louisiana Livingston<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | - Commodore Charles E. Ridgely<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |___Elizabeth Augusta Ridgely<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Hunt" target="_blank">WILLIAM HENRY HUNT</a> [US Secy of the Navy]</b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="15"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Harriet </span></a><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Livingston</span></st1:place><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fulton" target="_blank">ROBERT FULTON</a> [1st steamboat & submarine]</span></b></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiXc7wEzr5ihQX39lPmPQa-Q9xT3tau_d30ZjiUe7iZUrZMH6qA7K-g3M9vbSzZFE7sj5XuCBjI3XKVnmKEKpThnH6WGy4y4ISBTw-mFKSP3TtsahyphenhyphenUBK9oaMFl8Y8lJ8OzV3YnAiC-M8/s1600/Robert_Fulton_-_Circle_of_Thomas_Sully.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiXc7wEzr5ihQX39lPmPQa-Q9xT3tau_d30ZjiUe7iZUrZMH6qA7K-g3M9vbSzZFE7sj5XuCBjI3XKVnmKEKpThnH6WGy4y4ISBTw-mFKSP3TtsahyphenhyphenUBK9oaMFl8Y8lJ8OzV3YnAiC-M8/s200/Robert_Fulton_-_Circle_of_Thomas_Sully.jpg" width="165" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Robert Fulton</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">| | | |</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Walter_Livingston" target="_blank">HENRY WALTER LIVINGSTON</a> [US politician]</b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Mary Masters Allen<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">| | | |___Henry Walter Livingston II<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">| | | - Caroline de Grasse de Pau<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">| | | |___Robert Linlithgo Livingston<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">| | | - Mary S. McRa<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">| | | |___Robert Linlithgo Livingston II<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">| | | -<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">| | | |___Robert Linlithgo Livingston III<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | -<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Livingston" target="_blank">ROBERT LINLITHGO <st1:place w:st="on">LIVINGSTON</st1:place> IV</a></b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | (Senator, Almost Speaker of the House 1998)<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMVzmip5EXigzOgmEh2kywEtvzJqOT6Q1FiJ4EXIuHidewDfe1x3eM5PmXxYwTbJ4Sehs6Tj9A6ZHoUmHaThaSJpChR_JNW-J5seSg9TgKlmsYV0F6mMUgh87NpZfl7jeVnDg_N-Fb5fo/s1600/BobLivingston.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMVzmip5EXigzOgmEh2kywEtvzJqOT6Q1FiJ4EXIuHidewDfe1x3eM5PmXxYwTbJ4Sehs6Tj9A6ZHoUmHaThaSJpChR_JNW-J5seSg9TgKlmsYV0F6mMUgh87NpZfl7jeVnDg_N-Fb5fo/s200/BobLivingston.jpg" width="163" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bob Livingston</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">| | |</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Cornelia Van Cortlandt<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Johannes Schuyler<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |</span></pre>
<pre><pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="23"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___</span></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" target="_blank">General PHILIP SCHUYLER</a> [1st NYer in US Senate]</span></b></pre>
</pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Catherine Van Rensselaer<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="16"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Elizabeth Schuyler<o:p></o:p></span></a></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_hamilton" target="_blank">ALEXANDER HAMILTON</a> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Father_of_the_United_States" target="_blank">Founding Father of the U.S.</a>] </span></b></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Maria Van Cortlandt [<a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2011/12/flemish-claim-to-sinterklaas-in-america.html" target="_blank">Solidified the practice of Santa Claus</a>]<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremias_van_Rensselaer" target="_blank">Jeremias Van Rensselaer</a> [Mother's roots Antwerp]<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTaWD29hkFS2ZQyR-If5FhUXNItQgGV-mOQQJ1o_1DppbHeXgaR09uhz8gubgrsI-DOOEk-4C4RxX8qq3y59svIiY2Zx-t4f8L1YolEpEw99kGglAHBoBdn2WWUJK5mkkJT11WLAlRhxI/s1600/Jeremias_Van_Rensselaer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTaWD29hkFS2ZQyR-If5FhUXNItQgGV-mOQQJ1o_1DppbHeXgaR09uhz8gubgrsI-DOOEk-4C4RxX8qq3y59svIiY2Zx-t4f8L1YolEpEw99kGglAHBoBdn2WWUJK5mkkJT11WLAlRhxI/s200/Jeremias_Van_Rensselaer.jpg" width="162" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jeremias Van Rensselaer</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Anna Van Rensselaer<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - William <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Nicoll" target="_blank">Nicoll</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Benjamin <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Nicoll" target="_blank">Nicoll</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Charity Floyd<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___ William <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Nicoll" target="_blank">Nicoll</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Joanna De Honneur<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Samuel Benjamin <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Nicoll" target="_blank">Nicoll</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | - Anna Willett Floyd<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |___Samuel Benjamin <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Nicoll" target="_blank">Nicoll</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | - Sarah Brown Payne<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |___Charoltte Anna <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Nicoll" target="_blank">Nicoll</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | - Solomon Townsend <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Nicoll" target="_blank">Nicoll</a>, Jr.<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="17"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |___Mary Townsend Nicoll<o:p></o:p></span></a></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | | - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fortune_Ryan" target="_blank">THOMAS FORTUNE RYAN</a> [10th richest in US]</b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtOX5gVrMuEN3iGvKngXDFxuH0l7m1EvYkoV4D-v30Np84LbFfDQkFWnapwM2uVW85V_8tbmUsRPOx2HcX_WG6pu2P3OrpKfYOQlGDJg3dGSPquYWy2IEHyry1zOlKEptRB4Sr0PhIJB8/s1600/Thomas_Fortune_Ryan_by_Joaquin_Sorolla_y_Bastida.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtOX5gVrMuEN3iGvKngXDFxuH0l7m1EvYkoV4D-v30Np84LbFfDQkFWnapwM2uVW85V_8tbmUsRPOx2HcX_WG6pu2P3OrpKfYOQlGDJg3dGSPquYWy2IEHyry1zOlKEptRB4Sr0PhIJB8/s320/Thomas_Fortune_Ryan_by_Joaquin_Sorolla_y_Bastida.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Thomas Fortune Ryan</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |___Benjamin <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Nicoll" target="_blank">Nicoll</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | - Grace Davison Lord<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |___Elsie <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Nicoll" target="_blank">Nicoll</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | - John Sloane<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="18"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | |___Grace Elsie Sloan<o:p></o:p></span></a></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | | - </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" target="_blank">CYRUS ROBERTS VANCE</a> [US Secy of State]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK7RwiXw9FiDjQ4tMdhnAoYLF3YXvqPWeJKqBS4oB3Ft46NDMqqscVc3k_ytqB87dPUfZueO2UuQ8IMUFdHfOhGucg5XfEJkR0Z1pPyc5tClBTAcfOrl2-LWy0YEEHBhfGTwkoA-A4b08/s1600/CyrusVanceSoS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK7RwiXw9FiDjQ4tMdhnAoYLF3YXvqPWeJKqBS4oB3Ft46NDMqqscVc3k_ytqB87dPUfZueO2UuQ8IMUFdHfOhGucg5XfEJkR0Z1pPyc5tClBTAcfOrl2-LWy0YEEHBhfGTwkoA-A4b08/s200/CyrusVanceSoS.jpg" width="137" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cyrus Vance</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Gloriana Margaretta <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Nicoll" target="_blank">Nicoll</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Loudon_MacAdam" target="_blank">JOHN LOUDON MACADAM</a> [1st modern road builder]</b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrick_van_Rensselaer" target="_blank">Hendrick Van Rensselaer</a> <o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Catarina Van Brugh<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Anna Van Rensselaer<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Peter Douw<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Magdalena Douw<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Harme Gansevoort<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="27"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___<b>General Peter Gansevoort</b><o:p></o:p></span></a></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Catrina Van Schaick<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___ Maria Gansevoort<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Allan Melville<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="19"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___</span></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_melville" target="_blank">HERMAN MELVILLE</a> [Author: "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby_Dick" target="_blank">Moby Dick</a>"]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJIrSV4cvPgIGYG04ns8b9LStXJQ9_5ku7zx_cTWdL2_V-XZ1QfcPZ18X04uWwIokAWGWJBXDREFBotOyDs9uLT3QjkWU-FqQXYEXLVrQ4aZFh4T9epB2lx8f0oS8ISWjq3Zhn6b5bPHc/s1600/400px-Herman_Melville.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJIrSV4cvPgIGYG04ns8b9LStXJQ9_5ku7zx_cTWdL2_V-XZ1QfcPZ18X04uWwIokAWGWJBXDREFBotOyDs9uLT3QjkWU-FqQXYEXLVrQ4aZFh4T9epB2lx8f0oS8ISWjq3Zhn6b5bPHc/s200/400px-Herman_Melville.jpg" width="134" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Herman Melville</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Johannes Van Rensselaer <o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Engeltie Livingston<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Van_Rensselaer" target="_blank">Robert Van Rensselaer</a> [Revolutionary War Genl]<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Cornelia Rutsen<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Alida Van Rensselaer<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Elisha Kane<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___John Kintzing Kane<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Jane Du Val Leiper<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="20"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___</span></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" target="_blank">ELISHA KENT KANE</a> [US Arctic Explorer]</span></b></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjErx33QWoy1K0J5SqXcmlNiWmbHAgCIrOSQgeMQbKEX3nb41JUMKq_GhYCX6Ny2mkaEQyhyphenhyphenBwp_YEhjY9kE6Uwl3qbCtjDbLzbH6_YVD2xjjw8W-dX-s0EGJbE7nG5ZzkFKowfdfp8Azo/s1600/483px-Elisha_Kent_Kane.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjErx33QWoy1K0J5SqXcmlNiWmbHAgCIrOSQgeMQbKEX3nb41JUMKq_GhYCX6Ny2mkaEQyhyphenhyphenBwp_YEhjY9kE6Uwl3qbCtjDbLzbH6_YVD2xjjw8W-dX-s0EGJbE7nG5ZzkFKowfdfp8Azo/s200/483px-Elisha_Kent_Kane.png" width="162" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Elisha Kent Kane</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Jacobus Van Cortlandt<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Eva De Vries Phillipse<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___Frederick Van Cortlandt<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Francine Jay<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Augustus Van Cortlandt<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Susan Barclay<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Anna Van Cortlandt<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Henry White<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___Helen White<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Abraham Schermerhorn<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="21"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___ </span></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Webster_Schermerhorn_Astor" target="_blank">CAROLINE WEBSTER SCHERMERHORN</a> </span></b></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Backhouse_Astor,_Jr." target="_blank">William Backhouse Astor, Jr.</a> </b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor_IV" target="_blank">JOHN JACOB ASTOR IV</a> [Richest on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic" target="_blank">Titanic</a>]</b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - Ava Lowle Willing<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | |___<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor_VI" target="_blank">WILLIAM VINCENT ASTOR</a> [Chr of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek" target="_blank">Newsweek</a>]</b></span></pre>
<pre><pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | | - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Astor" target="_blank">Roberta Brooke Marshall</a> [Philanthropist]</span></pre>
</pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcb-O-fQAhSarnjPSYH2j4ZTKNcPkM3CBnIWrNnB9rLaCI9og8qwdOuRzLe2BkPBjv3wvarwEzw2FSW4U5J8oiZUM-1HkebDqOUS5d3v_dOb_qOUm9qk4oKPInZ__eFxEpCHUCP8RRd_g/s1600/Roberta+Brooke+Marshall+Astor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcb-O-fQAhSarnjPSYH2j4ZTKNcPkM3CBnIWrNnB9rLaCI9og8qwdOuRzLe2BkPBjv3wvarwEzw2FSW4U5J8oiZUM-1HkebDqOUS5d3v_dOb_qOUm9qk4oKPInZ__eFxEpCHUCP8RRd_g/s1600/Roberta+Brooke+Marshall+Astor.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Brooke Astor</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___ Mary Van Cortlandt<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | - Peter Jay<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="22"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| | |___</span></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay" target="_blank">JOHN JAY</a> [US Founding Father/1st Chief Justice]</span></b></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRdo7CeLrH0zdYtwj31PXu5T4hwXQGzKSRR1cK3wEGscI4VOG6U41B2kC5LIztLHz5USh9jBteKyyw6swgJwbddIa_AZsukFcT-OYFt5zurX80WpRDA4MT2K2z6FNnsHdCqZzsEJBGK2c/s1600/463px-John_Jay_(Gilbert_Stuart_portrait).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRdo7CeLrH0zdYtwj31PXu5T4hwXQGzKSRR1cK3wEGscI4VOG6U41B2kC5LIztLHz5USh9jBteKyyw6swgJwbddIa_AZsukFcT-OYFt5zurX80WpRDA4MT2K2z6FNnsHdCqZzsEJBGK2c/s200/463px-John_Jay_(Gilbert_Stuart_portrait).jpg" width="154" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Jay</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Cornelia Van Cortlandt<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Col. Johannes Schuyler, Jr.<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="23"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___</span></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" target="_blank">General PHILIP SCHUYLER</a> [1st NY to US Senate]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - Catharina van Rensselaer<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |</span></pre>
<pre><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="16"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Elizabeth Schuyler<o:p></o:p></span></a></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| - </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_hamilton" target="_blank">ALEXANDER HAMILTON</a> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Father_of_the_United_States" target="_blank">Founding Father of U</a>.S.] </span></b></pre>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgY6tgjcQ7mGwXbV5PLiSUevJ7SaChMh2NNbpyldw9Nsic3dL8mcdoCEQtCeTp-YRxZ4NC1K21LDhnnoUVfhswjObK-_rvuf-ZNvERkI0akyR0RTF4d8i9xvN-0ZUK7EIP9bYMZ_yqM70/s1600/alexander_hamilton_portrait_by_john_trumbull_1806_1789.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgY6tgjcQ7mGwXbV5PLiSUevJ7SaChMh2NNbpyldw9Nsic3dL8mcdoCEQtCeTp-YRxZ4NC1K21LDhnnoUVfhswjObK-_rvuf-ZNvERkI0akyR0RTF4d8i9xvN-0ZUK7EIP9bYMZ_yqM70/s200/alexander_hamilton_portrait_by_john_trumbull_1806_1789.jpg" width="160" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alexander Hamilton</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| </span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">|___<a href="http://www.newamsterdamhistorycenter.org/bios/loockermans.html" target="_blank">Govert Loockermans</a> [1612-1671] <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnhout" target="_blank">Turnhout</a> "Richest man in America"<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> - Ariantje Jans<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |___Marritje Loockermans<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> - Balthazar <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_family" target="_blank">Bayard</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |___Jacobus <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_family" target="_blank">Bayard</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | - Hillegonde De Kay<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | |___Balthazar <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_family" target="_blank">Bayard</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | - Mary Bowdoin<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |___Phoebe <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard_family" target="_blank">Bayard</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | - </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" target="_blank">ARTHUR ST. CLAIR</a> [1st President of Congress]</span></b></pre>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuDyo_-yKW2Y8cj9gCAwCYiTEC-0I0sqUrMIF2jG0DgpkuVAAgJNY7lwQgVgCRxZZ_fCWqPedKZ4zeRGI2ZyDbXO8xmcWBJp7z9VcCPzkAS57y0mVz0zoP2oBMi-2CBuYmWEklLc-aPaY/s1600/525px-ArthurStClairOfficialPortrait-restored.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuDyo_-yKW2Y8cj9gCAwCYiTEC-0I0sqUrMIF2jG0DgpkuVAAgJNY7lwQgVgCRxZZ_fCWqPedKZ4zeRGI2ZyDbXO8xmcWBJp7z9VcCPzkAS57y0mVz0zoP2oBMi-2CBuYmWEklLc-aPaY/s200/525px-ArthurStClairOfficialPortrait-restored.jpg" width="175" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Arthur St Clair</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |___Judith Bayard<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> - Gerardus Stuyvesant<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |___<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Stuyvesant" target="_blank">Pieter Stuyvesant</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> - Margaret Livingston<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |___Elizabeth Stuyvesant<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | - Col. Nicholas Fish<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | | </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="26">_</a></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" target="_blank">HAMILTON FISH</a> [Best US Secy of State] </span></b></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |<o:p></o:p></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjogmCUFiqkG0OnWtdu0AxdTiRdyZtUEPhl6mK4yoA55hvCfmZWJJjBuSpYtAGyrVOSTew-RO6P6jCvr0J6sUgrFLastMtn-KVLfbYJzY0ajSXJPNkbA1_7ESpTI5oSCABpmL6TusLlPAI/s1600/435px-Hamilton_Fish_Brady_Edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjogmCUFiqkG0OnWtdu0AxdTiRdyZtUEPhl6mK4yoA55hvCfmZWJJjBuSpYtAGyrVOSTew-RO6P6jCvr0J6sUgrFLastMtn-KVLfbYJzY0ajSXJPNkbA1_7ESpTI5oSCABpmL6TusLlPAI/s200/435px-Hamilton_Fish_Brady_Edited.jpg" width="145" /></a></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |___Judith Stuyvesant<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> - Benjamin Winthrop<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
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<br /></div>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> |___Elizabeth Sheriff Winthrop<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | - Rev. John White Chanler<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | |<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="30"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |___Margaret Stuyvesant Chanler</span></a></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | | - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Morris_Rutherfurd" target="_blank">LEWIS MORRIS RUTHERFURD</a> </b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><b> </b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="31"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |</span></a></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | |___</span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Winthrop_Chanler" target="_blank">JOHN WINTHOP CHANLER</a> [Politician]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | - Margaret Astor Ward [Niece of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" target="_blank">Julia Ward Howe</a>]<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">| |</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | |___<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Stuyvesant_Chanler" target="_blank">LEWIS STUYVESANT CHANLER</a> [Politician]</b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><b> </b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9185379563111172153" name="33"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">| |</span></a></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> | |___</span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Astor_Chanler" target="_blank">WILLIAM ASTOR CHANLER</a> [Politician]</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">| </span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">|___Margaret Cornelia Winthrop</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> - <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Folsom" target="_blank">GEORGE FOLSOM</a> [Politician]</b><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><b>
</b></span></pre>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEYO3WU7RKjnvydtkGbojjJrKKqCurRExBae0stOVTn63BFzXEu_nb5Zsx_6XoswFHxXOL6X7JGyKzP-LS4X_HxWFLZtePZ0dNnEfOChjKIlWYgcGRHwbV5bHHmeg8zqqcSNZvQNF7ltA/s1600/usa-flanders+flags.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEYO3WU7RKjnvydtkGbojjJrKKqCurRExBae0stOVTn63BFzXEu_nb5Zsx_6XoswFHxXOL6X7JGyKzP-LS4X_HxWFLZtePZ0dNnEfOChjKIlWYgcGRHwbV5bHHmeg8zqqcSNZvQNF7ltA/s1600/usa-flanders+flags.gif" /></a></div>
<pre></pre>
<pre><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfVa57RAmfNbBNUt6KCvp9Q4Rf_o0EvMpHRwszZezwD8-MPSCPddaTJAE_6qqRVdJnGMP9juC-3TkSHEOcGB9PeqPEHmYed1g-xzxMKdXQOWGcTRUnQ5_YyAqLWl3yNqj1Dmcb6NOv4pk/s1600/De+VS+hebben+diepe+Vlaamse+wortels.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">.Copyright 2012 by David Baeckelandt. All rights reserved. No reproduction permitted in any format without my express, written permission.</span></a></pre>
Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-81052026565985103032012-05-28T13:35:00.000-05:002012-05-28T18:36:00.142-05:00In Memorium: A Tribute to Flemish American Veterans<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuS6BaSGL4ZisJ_7BA8zal6DlDkU9zsbpi_yQ50P2bTiFeOOzQasaSpg3YgWZGfZFUsqhPso2IsGb1TCGRDor3XqAjM0KWqt2XTo8B0-eojvJHYZVRfi8zatvIOXb_l411nc6HOAfz0hs/s1600/Color_Guard_Belgian_Hall_July_4_1965.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuS6BaSGL4ZisJ_7BA8zal6DlDkU9zsbpi_yQ50P2bTiFeOOzQasaSpg3YgWZGfZFUsqhPso2IsGb1TCGRDor3XqAjM0KWqt2XTo8B0-eojvJHYZVRfi8zatvIOXb_l411nc6HOAfz0hs/s320/Color_Guard_Belgian_Hall_July_4_1965.jpg" width="317" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Monday, May 28, 2012 is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day">Memorial Day</a> here in the U.S. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Today is
a day when we pay tribute to those men and women who have given their lives in
the service of the country. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Historically, here in Chicago (as I have mentioned here: <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2008/10/flemish-in-chicago.html">http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2008/10/flemish-in-chicago.html</a>) we would usually have a parade from our <a href="http://www.communitywalk.com/labor_trail/map/5258#0003Omb">Belgian Hall</a> to the “Belgian Church”:
<a href="http://www.stjohnberchmans.org/info.asp?content=PA-Parish%20History">St. John Berchman</a>’s. A color guard of
Flemish American veterans would lead the way.
Mass was said in Flemish. T</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">he picture at the top of this post is taken from the Flemish American Ardennes Post veterans' color guard at the Belgian Hall in Chicago in 1965.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Afterwards, we would parade back the three or four
blocks to the Belgian Hall where everyone would enjoy sandwiches, beer and
conversation.<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/FAHF/Memorial%20Day%20for%20Flemish%20Americans.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/FAHF/Memorial%20Day%20for%20Flemish%20Americans.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Unfortunately that tradition no longer exists.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">In lieu of that tradition, I offer you a brief
tribute to Flemish American veterans.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;">Well before the United States existed, Flemings served in the defence of their hearth and home. In Nieuw Nederlandt Govert Loockermans of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnhout">Turnhout</a> (whose 400th birthday comes up in a few weeks) served as a non-commissioned officer in the militia well into his 50s. During the frequent frontier skirmishes, individuals like Pieter Foulgier (later Peter Folger - and yes, predecessor of the creator of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folgers">Folger's Coffee brand</a>), Benjamin Franklin's maternal grandfather of Flemish ancestry (from Ieper) fought in the Indian wars. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;">During the Revolutionary War many Americans who fought and served (including <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2009/03/george-washingtons-flemish-family.html">George Washington</a>, <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2009/02/franklins-flemish-forefathers.html">Benjamin Franklin</a>, and <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2011/03/anna-loockermans-flemish-mother-of.html">Alexander Hamilton</a>) had Flemish antecedents. Others, less well-known (such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_C._DePauw">Charles De Pauw of Ghent and whose grandson </a>established <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DePauw_University">De Pauw University</a>) came from overseas to fight. Some Flemish families (like the De Peysters who were Protestants that fled Ghent) fought on both sides of the Revolutionary War.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;">In the War of 1812 new generations joined the struggle. And some prominent Flemish immigrants - such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalie_Stier_Calvert">Stier family of Antwerp</a> who were relatives of George Washington and personally acquainted with Francis Scott Key, who gave us the Star Spangled Banner - had their homes burned and looted by the British troops.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXwJOsilnDpnkyLqhBmEAiwpW7uy_O_vE2lfRYfF-LgxlHm0WFJ1oLtnlO2OItbkh6BcTxwCR8dJj3vrVZkCz43LIlKa80aA9l-JXcF_je5P72cdoptYM6qBHEgHfrQGX6au1d70Qas24/s1600/Gochy+Charles+Iron+Brigade.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXwJOsilnDpnkyLqhBmEAiwpW7uy_O_vE2lfRYfF-LgxlHm0WFJ1oLtnlO2OItbkh6BcTxwCR8dJj3vrVZkCz43LIlKa80aA9l-JXcF_je5P72cdoptYM6qBHEgHfrQGX6au1d70Qas24/s320/Gochy+Charles+Iron+Brigade.jpg" width="179" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;">By the middle part of the 19th century full-blooded Flemings were serving proudly in all areas of America's military. <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=JAoyecBLPvEC&pg=PA477&lpg=PA477&dq=barney+litogot,+iron+brigade&source=bl&ots=iQOIwAJ4wH&sig=m6fm3kWz1RIGzyANC01BCC4UcM4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hqbDT5mLEK_fsQLV7KTQCQ&sqi=2&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=barney%20litogot%2C%20iron%20brigade&f=false">Barney J. Litogot, Henry Ford's maternal uncle, served in the crack "Iron Brigade" during the American Civil War. </a> Another lent his brains to making the Union navy technologically advanced by creating the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor">USS Monitor warship</a>. Although listed as Swedish-American, <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=jKgTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage#v=onepage&q=flemish&f=false">John Ericsson's mother was of Flemish origin</a>. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;">Later in the 19th century Flemings moved higher in the service of their adopted country. Brooklyn-born but Bruges origin George Washington Goethals graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point (<a href="http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gsfa/heroes.html#George W. Goethals">possibly the very first Flemish American to do so</a>). Since the requirements were not only physical and mental but also academic, USMA graduates represent the epitome of those in service to our country. With that as a background it is no wonder that he went on to complete one of the engineering marvels of the 20th century: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_canal">the Panama Canal</a>.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;">One of the shortest wars (and one of its most controversial), the Spanish American War (1898), saw the West Flemish emigrant Felix J. Streyckmans rise to the position of Colonel. Afterwards, he became prominent in not only in Chicago (as head of several Belgian organizations and civic groups as well as the <a href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/225.html">1933 World Exposition</a>) but nationally (in Republican politics). </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;">In addition, </span><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;">Felix J. Streyckmans also played a prominent</span><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;"> role on the Home Front in World War I (as <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=uHPziURFhVIC&pg=PA200&lpg=PA200&dq=felix+j.+streyckmans&source=bl&ots=WqmoJxCpF0&sig=gM2bK7Cr3iP-VyQLXM7UjaSSJ-M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sKrDT4KHD8rngQfS-53KCQ&ved=0CEkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=felix%20j.%20streyckmans&f=false">Federal Reserve Director of the Liberty Loan Committee</a>). So did Leo Hendrik Baekeland, of Ghent and the inventor of Bakelite, the first plastic. His discovery (of 1907) found a variety of uses in phones, planes, and tanks in WWI (1914-1918).</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJa3hu3s5uyM3U6xpsDxCybPkaeaCc0CWMnVDfQikDxfqIORPKZ8wXdPYcv1usz5TTEDzw-m9P5g3tg_jNzsLMVZfn9pHwa4DuJ1PAHGNnGFWKcEMe5-RcMJElHmMrxKwX1w1vsykc_Dg/s1600/Florent+Verhulst+The_Chgo_Daily_Trib_Tues,_Aug_20_1918.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJa3hu3s5uyM3U6xpsDxCybPkaeaCc0CWMnVDfQikDxfqIORPKZ8wXdPYcv1usz5TTEDzw-m9P5g3tg_jNzsLMVZfn9pHwa4DuJ1PAHGNnGFWKcEMe5-RcMJElHmMrxKwX1w1vsykc_Dg/s320/Florent+Verhulst+The_Chgo_Daily_Trib_Tues,_Aug_20_1918.jpg" width="224" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;">World War 1, coming as it did so closely on the heels of large-scale Flemish emigration to North America, saw a large number of Americans of Flemish ancestry serve. These men (and women) had a double reason to fight: to free their ancestral homeland as well as to serve their adopted country. <a href="http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~northing/people/pics/be_sldrs_a-m.html">Thousands of Flemish Americans served and fought in WWI.</a> That terrifying experience melded these young men into a distinct group and helped to establish the identity we have today.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;">Among the young men who served in that war was an 18 year old who in the last six months of the war fought on the front lines to free his hometown of Klerken, West Flanders. His name is generally given as Cyriel Barbary, although officially he is known as <a href="http://www.wo1.be/ned/geschiedenis/gastbijdragen/barbary.htm">Cyrillus-Camillus Barbary</a>.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Barbary himself served on the front line between
May 5, 1918 and the end of the war (November 11, 1918). While it is unclear
what his actual combat missions he was involved in, Barbary was awarded both
the Victory Medal and a Commemorative Medal. Barbary was mustered out of the
service on January 31, 1919. After the war (in 1923) he and his wife emigrated to America (the Detroit area) and became an American citizen. </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;">What makes him truly unique is that when Barbary died on September 16, 2004, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillus-Camillus_Barbary">he was the last surviving Belgian veteran of WW I. A true link between our two countries.</a></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7b8x7Xprmv8pvmpSsgSNZMyG2bH95W1VoCYs85p3cSwH32Ka4S6PpTGo2HPrYogdQHvq7ccEALQzNIJ1h3ci-iFDCD0tuOZdqxJCF76J1XyeKu73_S0vlh36B8nAfLZXWneN9LZdJaOU/s1600/Oct+1945+Belgian+Am+Club+Red+Cross.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7b8x7Xprmv8pvmpSsgSNZMyG2bH95W1VoCYs85p3cSwH32Ka4S6PpTGo2HPrYogdQHvq7ccEALQzNIJ1h3ci-iFDCD0tuOZdqxJCF76J1XyeKu73_S0vlh36B8nAfLZXWneN9LZdJaOU/s320/Oct+1945+Belgian+Am+Club+Red+Cross.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In addition to WW I, Americans (including Flemish Americans) fought beside one another in other wars as well. During World War Two, tens of thousands of Flemish Americans joined the fight to free Belgium and Europe of the Nazis. On the home front too, Flemings dedicated themselves to helping both countries: the women in the picture to the right were in the Belgian Hall in Chicago knitting clothes for Belgian victims of WW 2</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Returning veterans of WW 2 formed their own posts of the Veterans of Foreign Wars ("VFW") or the "American Legion" as they are commonly called. Flemish Americans formed these associations based out of this shared experience. Today these veterans groups, such as the <a href="http://businessprofiles.com/details/roose-vanker-post-286-inc-the/MI-714106">Roose-Vanker Post</a> in Detroit or the Ardennes Post in Chicago, have channeled their collective energies to supporting non-profits in the community.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.unostamps.nl/subject_korean_war_participating_countries.htm">In Korea, Belgium sent troops to fight under the United Nations</a>. The United States of course supplied the majority of the soldiers that fought in the Korean War. Thousands more Flemish Americans fought in this war as well as Vietnam.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Some Flemish American families contributed sons to more than just one war. The Chicago Tribune, in an article dated August 26, 1965, discovered one Flemish American family where the oldest son Robert served in WW 2, the second son Donald served in Korea, and the third son Jimmy served in Vietnam. This is service truly above and beyond the call of duty for any family. Yet this family, the De Wyze family of Mt. Prospect, had their roots in the same town in West Flanders that Cyriel Barbary's wife (Emma Marchand) was born in: Houthulst. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">More than fifty years after this Chicago Tribune article about the De Wyze family's service for their country, one of their descendants was again in the press. <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2010/05/lee-dewyze-flemish-american-idol.html">Lee De Wyze had captured the world's attention when he became the winner of the American Idol competition</a>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the last several decades since the end of the Vietnam War, Flemish Americans have continued to serve - and, sadly, give their lives - for this country. All one need do to confirm this is read through the announcements in the <a href="http://www.gazettevandetroit.com/">Gazette van Detroit</a> to confirm this sad truth. Yet, Flemish Americans continue to serve with duty and honor. Last year, Flanders House recognized one of the most recent Flemish Americans to graduate from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point: Peter Kerkhof. Peter has served in Afghanistan and <a href="http://www.flandershouse.org/flanders-transatlantic-ties-us">was personally and officially recognized by Minister President Kris Peeters</a>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In my own family I have two veterans. <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2010/12/emigrants-from-koekelare-w-vl-to-us.html">My grandfather Julien Baeckelandt (pictured above in 1924) served in the Belgian Army after WW I and was stationed in Germany.</a> My father Werner Baeckelandt served in the U.S. army during the Vietnam War. To my father and my grandfather - and indeed to all Flemish American veterans - I offer my deepest thanks and gratitude for their service to our countries. It seems only fitting then, to end with a quote delivered as part of eulogy to a soldier who fell - ironically on the same day as Cyriel Barbary's passing - on September 16, 1918:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“Al de besten onder ons gaan heen! Mocht hun werk hun naam
bestendigen in en door de glorierijke hergeboorte waarvoor ze leefden.” <a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/FAHF/Memorial%20Day%20for%20Flemish%20Americans.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPlkLovkPEPQIMnrMPwAXtMB2s7V6_8As1wGCAqqw9I0wLFrGo0ijA7ykqKdD7rsF19cnXY12yupS4mu4P_TDw6ugOGGRYsOY2pNcFWzxMhNobZNhloBfW_JbkpwU2nvxf6EwI-TLNBOk/s1600/Joe+English+Catholic+Flemish+Idealism.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPlkLovkPEPQIMnrMPwAXtMB2s7V6_8As1wGCAqqw9I0wLFrGo0ijA7ykqKdD7rsF19cnXY12yupS4mu4P_TDw6ugOGGRYsOY2pNcFWzxMhNobZNhloBfW_JbkpwU2nvxf6EwI-TLNBOk/s320/Joe+English+Catholic+Flemish+Idealism.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/FAHF/Memorial%20Day%20for%20Flemish%20Americans.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[ii]</span></span></span></a> De
Belgische Standaard commenting on Joe English’s death, September 3, 1918.
Quoted in Daniel Vanacker, <u>De
Frontbeweging: De Vlaamse strijd aan de Ijzer</u>, (Koksijde: De Klaproos,
2000), p.393</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/FAHF/Memorial%20Day%20for%20Flemish%20Americans.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span></span></a> For
a more careful treatment of the Memorial Day tradition in the “Belgian Colony”
of Chicago, please see David Baeckelandt, <u>Arnold Van Puymbroeck</u>,
(Chicago: Blurb, 2010), pp. 50-54</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i>Copyright 2012 by David Baeckelandt. All rights reserved. No reproduction in any form without my express, written permission.</i></span></div>
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</div>Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-17686479312812126702012-04-23T19:29:00.001-05:002014-08-18T15:44:11.718-05:00Kent Gij Uw Land?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5f6CseKJc4dKK0nXzFhIUEqIrz5fKrfbCpAnAfGW5HAQS0EjIVioM7V7vBgeHnxkDOwPCV-x_OkTuqVzFh6RCFXQS_qEOFjbTJ9FDLkUZc7-_fkGzmmChvhUPkhEYXkYVHoRq1H45ay0/s1600/schildleeuw.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5f6CseKJc4dKK0nXzFhIUEqIrz5fKrfbCpAnAfGW5HAQS0EjIVioM7V7vBgeHnxkDOwPCV-x_OkTuqVzFh6RCFXQS_qEOFjbTJ9FDLkUZc7-_fkGzmmChvhUPkhEYXkYVHoRq1H45ay0/s1600/schildleeuw.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kent gij Vlaanderen aan zee? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kent gij zijn taal, zijn zeden, zijn geschiedenis?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Weet gij dat het Vlaamsche Volk het edelste, het fierste, het schoonste volk was, dat onder de kap des hemels liefde?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In gansch Europa, klonk het woord "Vlaamsch" als een tooverklank. In Engeland, is "Flemish" synoniem van zwierig, bevalling en "elegant". Te Rome, was "Fiammingo", de Vlaming, gekend en ge<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">ë</span>erd. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In geheel Itali</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">ë</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, om iets te bestempelen dat schoon en mooi en wel gemaakt is, zegt men gewoonlijk: "Una cosa Fiamminga".'t Is op zijn Vlaamsch!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"Noy hay mas Flandes!", zegt heden nog Spanjaard en dat beteekent: "Er is maar een Vlaanderen".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">De meesterstukken van onze Vlaamsche kunstenaars zijn verspreid, staan te prijken en te pronken in alle musea, over gaansch den aardbol.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">En wij, hier in ons eigen land, zouden wij beschaamd staan Vlaamsch te spreken, Vlaming te zijn, en onze Vlaamsche geschiedenis te kennen? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- R. Van de Meule, "De Torrewachter", Juni, 1938</span></div>
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<br />Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-24836589250251832962012-02-04T15:06:00.020-06:002012-04-06T13:06:20.112-05:00The Flemish Origins of German Americans<span style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; "><span style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq4OhG_j6Gh-pFrro2_yu0OpY3MbralVafbeFKs_90flNqdrplTzlqc1j-LlRNKI_ZBaRtqE6WHbldTGEh4DuF7iQtuDr32cfRD-aH4Zv8EuWcdikvoFLooz3Hm9YxDh_lcvZJC0VJTZM/s400/Reichsadler_Manesse.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5707336065051419154" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 123px; height: 170px; " /></span></span><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: center; "><div style="font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; text-align: left; "><i style="font-size: 100%; "><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">A few days ago a friend of mine from Flanders shared a <a href="http://www.welt.de/kultur/article6848639/Lieber-Sklave-in-Amerika-als-Freier-in-Deutschland.html?">link</a> with the </span></i><i style="font-size: 100%; "><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">news that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American">German Americans</a> had established the "first national/ethnic museum in America". While I was happy to hear that an ethnic museum had been established, the author's enthusiasm is misplaced. There are in fact dozens (hundreds?) of museums in America trumpeting the achievements of one ethnicity or another in building America. In my own region (Chicagoland) one can find the expected (e.g., the <a href="http://www.polishmuseumofamerica.org/">Polish Museum of America</a>, recognizing the largest concentration of Poles in North America) and the obscure (the <a href="http://www.donauchicago.com/node/6">Danubian Schwabian Museum</a>). That said, the issue of a tribute to the contributions made by German Americans to the growth and success of the United States is a valid one. After all, more than 1/6th of all Americans (more than 50 million people) have German ancestry. This makes Germans the largest non-British ethnicity in the U.S.</span></i></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; text-align: left; "><i style="font-size: 100%; "><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br /></span></i></div><span style="font-size: 100%; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMce4UUuEMUxDs8pv6EAdJK0BRVGcLY9sxMpQds7mZ3SuaMSYHrL0TBoTZ5RZYj9N0n50szYVtnPb4v-hpJN8gbdfLLlePQnHOE1S7MCIjzpeDf909Do4imOA2Tj5pBUQ7w7KpaJSiBss/s400/German+Americans+Per+2000+Census.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5707477068846306050" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px; " /></span><span ><u><i>Americans of German ancestry per 2010 census</i></u></span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; text-align: center; "><span><u><br /></u></span></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "><div style="text-align: left;"><i style="font-size: 100%; "><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">But those roots - contrary to historical propaganda - are not undiluted. In fact, as a careful read of the historical record shows, many Germans have Flemish (and Dutch & Frisian) ancestors. These Netherlandic roots extend back to the Middle Ages.</span></i></div></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "><div></div><p class="Default" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><i><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Nor are the Germans unique in this regard. As I have pointed out elsewhere, the <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2008/11/flemish-influence-on-pilgrims-part-1.html">English</a>, <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2010/09/the-flemish-influence-upon-scotland.html">Scotch</a>, <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2008/11/flemish-influence-on-pilgrims-part-1.html">Irish</a>, <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2009/11/een-vlaamse-voorloper-van-columbus.html">Portuguese</a>, <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2008/10/flemish-contributions-to-columbus.html">Italians</a>, and even the <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2010/03/flemish-origins-of-american-mennonites.html">Russians</a> accepted and assimilated Flemish immigrants during the five hundred years of the early modern period (e.g., 1100-1600). Nor did the waves of Flemish emigrants to the diaspora end in 1600, as regular readers of this blog are well aware.</span></i></p></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "><div></div><p class="Default" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><i><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The below post is culled from a monograph entitled “</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "> Germany” </span><i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; ">by James Westfall Thompson. As the author states, few people today realize “The profoundly organic and heterogeneous nature of medieval society” <a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; color: black; ">[i]</span></b></span></span></a> While Thompson’s article was published nearly a century ago, I am unaware of any subsequent scholarship that has supplanted it. Thus it stands here as a marker to place yet another aspect of the Flemish contribution in proper context.</i></p></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><i><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">What I hope to do in this post (besides offering access to a difficult to find piece of research) is to suggest that still other ethnic pools have been watered with Flemish DNA. So in some small measure, the accomplishments of other ethnicities in America are also a tribute to the contributions made by the Flemish diaspora.</span></i></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><i><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">One final note: While I have not altered the content, I felt compelled, in order to make the text more legible, to render JFT’s original turgid prose into something smoother and more fluid. Thus this is heavily edited and the footnotes are included for the original source of each paragraph.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGbsFpF-ySaD5LJXk3VtWInhooSABf9H8h7yzTcV5UAzmbR2gS7DOfEA_rD_l93N-8MuOHfaQMLYKBdK8hxlNnqecqWJPJ4DfLJpfU5UJoU7DkhfAQIdVUWZMZOkYq4YjbBMtyPQtBNv0/s400/Map_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_in_the_10th_century.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5707332575447677122" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 336px; height: 400px; " /><br /></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; "><div><div><div><u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">Int</span></u><u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">roduction</span></u></div></div></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The rural population of Europe in the Middle Ages was probably more nomadic than society today. Mass migrations frequently succeeded one another over the years. The driving force for these (and of course many such mass relocations) was often economic distress.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[ii]</span></span></a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Dutch and Flemish immigrants from the Low Countries played an important p</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">art in the set</span><span style="font-size: 100%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">tlement of medieval Germany. The emigration of the peasantry of modern Holland and Belgium in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and their settlement in numerous, scattered colonies throughout Germany was due to the simultaneous impact of expulsive forces at home and the attraction of new, virgin land.</span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="font-size: 100%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; "><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title="" style="font-size: 100%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">[iii]</a></span></span></span></p></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Flanders in particular was a source of emigration. Medieval Flanders held the honor of being the most densely populated region of medieval Western Europe.<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Numerous serfs exploited the rich, alluvial soil. Nowhere else in Europe were religious settlements more thickly clustered than in Flanders.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[v]</span></span></a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The chief source of our information for the history of these Low Countries colonies is documentary. Of the chronicles, Helmold's <i><u>Chronica Slavorum</u></i> is by far the most valuable.<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><img style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 226px; height: 400px; " src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBU_SwSFHtYhS1rj8YUKBvuRYRsaji_S6Q-IXlgDu9l3Zpk9NhoBGl0gMKwA6OwZQ72tXtTLh3LrIgU_Asw7wjGfNf_iLxjjREWFlKp4jC_o6QTlllVtpqFBnpwY7qx5l0Qan_zIE72MM/s400/Cistercian+Illumuniation+ca+1135+Stephan_Harding.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5707477070862247858" /><span><u><br /></u></span></div><div><br /></div><div><u style="font-size: 100%; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The Role of the Monasteries</span></u></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Both feudal and ecclesiastical governments promoted and ruled Dutch and Flemish colonies in medieval Germany. In the rivalry between the two forms, the religious form won out over that promoted by the secular nobles. And among the religious orders, the Cistercian Order’s approach to recruiting colonists from the Low Countries was superior to all others.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[vii]</span></span></a></span></span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Albrecht the Bear, for example, preferred the agency of others in promoting Netherlandic colonization of his territories to direct efforts by himself. Albrecht’s favorite agencies were the religious orders of the Cistercians and the Praemonstratensians.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[viii]</span></span></a></span></span></p></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The Cistercian monasteries, as suggested, were the most active promoters of Netherlandic colonization.<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Having been but recently established, this religious order found little place for itself in older Germany, where enormous areas of land had been for centuries in the hands of the Benedictines and Cluniacs. In response, the Cistercians were compelled to found their houses in the New East of Germany just being opened, where land was still cheap and could be acquired for virtually nothing.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[x]</span></span></a></span></span></p></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The Low Countries claimed the great historic abbeys – such as St. Bavon in Ghent, St. Martin in Utrecht….St. Omer, St. Quentin, St. Bertin, and St. Riquier. These religious shelters formed clustered communities of artisans, craftsmen, and petty tradesmen. Skilled workers dwelled in separate "quarters" around the monastery walls, while in scattered villages, serfs worked on the abbey lands. By the eleventh and twelfth centuries these religious settlements had grown into more or less independent towns.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xi]</span></span></a></span></span></p></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">These great monasteries did land reclamation on a large scale: clearing forests and draining moors and swamp lands. The Low Countries’ peasantry, rather than submit to servile conditions and bondage to the glebe (monastery fief), found refuge in remote parts of moors and fens. There, like their counterparts in the forests, these peasants built tiny villages.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title="" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xii]</span></span></span></a></div><div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKBTNW2ddY-yKiHC3GULidKD-AQYDFDEbySUubx-QCL2qaVddTmGhgUwl-nynay2R8k-0nwIElXW35SipxAWEiu1SSOPLYuJGarZr9P79FkfDzAa526n1GIpSQ_KCDZansKmMKsvf3PtY/s400/Bernhard_von_Clairvaux_%2528Initiale-B%2529.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5707477066833263298" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238); text-decoration: underline; display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 208px; height: 250px; " /></div></div><div><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><u><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Why Leave Flanders?<o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The difficult lot of the Netherlandic peasant was often made worse by the vicious commercial policy of some of the nobles. Heavy taxation on production, distribution, and consumption impoverished the peasants. More critically, it discouraged or even ruined small business enterprises.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xiii]</span></span></a></span></span></p></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Industrial coercion was another factor that provoked emigration. Nowhere in Europe in the eleventh and twelfth centuries was the development of industry and town population greater than in Flanders. If the burghers secured freedom of work and measurable political rights they stayed; if coercion against the peasants succeeded, the Flemish peasants sought to migrate.”<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xiv]</span></span></a></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">An additional factor which induced emigration in the Middle Ages, and perhaps the most serious of </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">all influences, was famine. The occurrence of famine was not always due to adverse weather conditions…. famine was often engendered, at least locally, by other causes, such as feudal war or exhaustive taxation. For example, in Flanders famine occurred four times in the eleventh century, nine times in the twelfth, and twice in the thirteenth. There is most certainly a connection between these hunger conditions and the huge emigration which took place from Flanders in the twelfth century.</span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; "><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title="" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">[xv]</a></span></span></span></p></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The peasant who saw, after years’ of hard labor tilling the soil, diking small poulders, etc. that his little farmstead was destroyed, his crops ruined, and his livestock lost, had no heart left to begin the struggle all over again in such a land.<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> “Propter caristiam colono fugiente, plurimi vici deserti remansere, reads a chronicle. In such a situation, peasants were often forced to slaughter livestock for lack of fodder and simply to survive. When these resources were consumed nothing but flight remained as their recourse.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xvii]</span></span></a></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">A flood of November 18, 1421, at the mouth of the Waal River, de</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">stroyed no less than seventy-two hamlets. To the Frisian and Flemish peasantry, which in the eleventh and twelfth centuries suffered under a horrible combination of adverse conditions, Lower Germany beckoned invitingly. Thousands of these Netherlanders trekked eastward seeking to found new homes for themselves and to find economic and political freedom in a land where the population was sparse, the land cheap, and little or no capital necessary to begin anew.</span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; "><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn18" name="_ednref18" title="">[xviii]</a></span></span></span></p><div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0mpAwsQmpoytzpc_LUj_eIscQId4GyxfJTBx6JvmsF9K-sg8dLzSRq6u31q3ivcpyoAV4Ul_zSfxN_IoG9Txr6kIsQYDLvTnz3VEHbk0xNmteK9CIaJE5PdHdAvX0dFmEAy_0IYQtLb0/s400/Cistercians+Working+J%25C3%25B6rg_Breu_d._%25C3%2584._002.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5707488385685512386" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 392px; " /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><u style="font-size: 100%; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The Pull of the Poulders</span></u></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">An echo of the hope of the medieval Low Country emigrants to German lands is captured in the text of an old Flemish ballad:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">“Naer Oostland willen wy ryden, <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Naer Oostland willen wy mee, <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Al over die groene heiden,</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Frisch over die heiden.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Daer isser een betere stee <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Als wy binnen</span></p></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Oostland komen</span></p></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; "> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Al onder dat hooge huis,</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Daer worden wy binnen gelaten,</span></p></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Frisch over die heiden;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Zy heeten ons willekom zyn.”<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn19" name="_ednref19" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xix]</span></span></a></span></span></p><div><div></div></div><div><div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The real "rush" of settlers out of Friesland and Flanders into North Germany began early in the twelfth century. From the time of Henry the Fowler, under the lee of the battle line, the frontier of colonial settlement advanced, conquering the stubborn soil and the no less stubborn resistance of the Wends (much like the advancing of the America “West” against the aboriginals). By the Franconian epoch, Mecklenburg, Brandenburg, Pomerania, and the Thuringian Reichsland were studded with German settlements.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn20" name="_ednref20" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xx]</span></span></a></span></span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The Flemish and the Frisian pioneer did not come into these regions until the locals were expelled. This meant the subjugation or expulsion of the Wendish peoples by fire and sword. This was accomplished by the Saxons through two centuries of almost unremitting warfare. Usually the preliminary work of settlement was done by German colonists. The Flemish and Dutch followed afterwards.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn21" name="_ednref21" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xxi]</span></span></a></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">For the land into which they came, the Fleming and </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">the Frisian were singularly well adapted. In the high feudal age Lower Germany along the coast of the North Sea and the Baltic was an almost uninterrupted series of marshes and fens. Owing to the sluggish flow of the rivers across the flat plain and the deep indentation of estuaries like the mouths of the Weser and the Elbe, these swamplands sometimes extended a considerable distance inland. Mecklenburg and Pomerania were dotted </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">with lakes. Even in the interior there was much bog land.</span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; "><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn22" name="_ednref22" title="" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">[xxii]</a></span></span></span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The first Germans into these regions had naturally avoided these places and appropriated for themselves the best of the tilled soil of the conquered Wends. Naturally those with first dibs tended to be the elites (clergy and the nobility). When almost all of this land had been occupied, German settlers, wherever possible, chose their lots from the remaining high ground or else cleared forested areas for new tillage.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn23" name="_ednref23" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xxiii]</span></span></a></span></span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Before the twelfth century arrival of the Dutch and Flemish into Germany, the swamps and marshes, if used at all, were used only for pasturage. The simple fact is that the German peasantry before the Flemish-Dutch immigration knew little or nothing of the process of making such bottom lands arable. The German feudal princes and prelates who imported Netherlanders (Flemish/Dutch/Frisians) by the hundreds knew of their familiarity in swamp reclamation. Nor was this specialized information: since Roman times dike-building and artificial drainage had been practiced in Flanders.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn24" name="_ednref24" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xxiv]</span></span></a></span></span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Two domestic (German) ‘pull’ factors aided the reception of Netherlanders with these skills. Constant warfare had ravaged the local population. Secondly, the great landed estates (whether of nobles or clergy) rendered these uncultivated tracts valuable (if tilled). Netherlanders from the coast were accustomed to deep plowings in heavy soils.<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn25" name="_ednref25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><br /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc5w1TzK_taJ8gUPocQxzJgYp-juwYs4EB_HYRSbXzgSHarcihY3jHQpAlE35NTveS4WSyv-maYteEP85sah7sofWN2uF4pLj1hq1xqUk_T2uUvyc-BPvTa2NeoDcwTRKTpS0bZcehgm8/s400/Possessions+of+Henry+the+Lion.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5707128967179790162" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 391px; height: 400px; " /><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">Intelligent nobles like Adolf of Holstein, Henry the Lion</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn26" name="_ednref26" title="" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xxvi]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">, and Albrecht the Bear</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn27" name="_ednref27" title="" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xxvii]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; "> vied with churchmen like the four great archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen, Adalbert, Adalbero, Frederick, and Hardwich, with Bernhard of Hildesheim and Wichmann of Magdeburg, in promoting the immigration of Frisian and Flemish settlers.</span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; "><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn28" name="_ednref28" title="">[xxviii]</a></span></span></span></div></div><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Within the space of a hundred years (e.g., by the 1250s) the lower Weser, the whole valley of the Elbe from Meissen to Hamburg, the marshes of the Havel, the bottom lands of the Mulde, the Black and the White Elster, the banks of the Oder below Breslau, together with its affluents like the Netze, were peopled with these Dutch and Flemish settlers. Place names of localities of Flemish origin like Flemsdorf<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn29" name="_ednref29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xxix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, Flemingsthal, Vlammingen, are the most lasting legacy. A glance at a modern map of Germany hints at these legacies.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn30" name="_ednref30" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xxx]</span></span></a></span></span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The methods of colonization varied between the extremes of the individual pioneer settler and the migration and settlement of various groups of colonists. While the migratory bands were united by ties of kith and kin, the size of the migrations were varied and could be great or small. For the most part, though, these colonists came in small numbers to Germany. But it was real colonization: the simultaneous co-operative migration of blocks of people, who took their cattle and household effects with them and left nothing behind (and no intention to return to) their Low Country homelands.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn31" name="_ednref31" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xxxi]</span></span></a></span></span></p></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Such was the manner in which the earliest recorded settlement of Netherlanders in Germany. In the year 1106 a band of Flemings and Frisians settled in the marshes of the Weser near Bremen.<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn32" name="_ednref32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xxxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Curiously, only some of these colonists were settlers from Flanders and Frisia. Many were descendants of the Flemish and the Frisians – but really second and third generation Germans.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn33" name="_ednref33" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xxxiii]</span></span></a></span></span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">At some point in the unrecorded past, small bands of Flemings and Frisians had settled together. Their descendants then (together with some Netherlands-born Flemings and Frisians) banded together to become settlers in this new locale. Such was the inevitable process of assimilation that the Netherlandic strain tended to thin out with each succeeding generation as the newcomers intermarried with their German neighbors, or with what remained of the original Wendish population.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn34" name="_ednref34" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xxxiv]</span></span></a></span></span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Dutch and Flemish colonies in medieval Germany, as might be expected, were more numerous in the areas of Germany closest to their points of origin. Thus the marsh lands of the lower Weser were the earliest place of settlement; then next the lower and middle Elbe and its tributaries; and then finally the Oder region. Lesser traces of Netherlander settlements are also found in Galicia, in Austria, and in the Carpathian Mountains.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn35" name="_ednref35" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xxxv]</span></span></a></span></span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The Flemish settlements near Waldheim and Altenburg (where even now there is a municipality named Flemmingen) and the Dutch and Flemish (qui et Flamingi) colony near Koesen were certainly established there well before 1140. That is, these colonies existed before the foundation of the Cistercian abbey of Pforte. This is exceptional for the reason that the Netherlanders in this area had settled in a mountainous and forested region instead of near a river plain.<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn36" name="_ednref36" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xxxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifrUmGqcrldqdw3_Yv7GB1jNXbs-q3uBGB_Vetlzjj-KAwlC0luxbpOFO6YEdryWKactS7j-gP8iBdRy7SERNfPg_jPECTykmQdXJ30Oeuzfh2hTc1pbYEq6U6PD2n1OgYewGGSTH_HCo/s400/Kirche_st._lucia_flemmingen.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5707128947316172098" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 400px; " /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><u style="font-size: 100%; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The First Flemish Colonies in Germany</span></u></div></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The earliest record of Netherlandish settlement in Germany is found in the Bremisches Urkundenbuch in the year 1062. At this time a small group of these immigrants was settled in the moors along the left bank of the Weser near the great archbishopric of Adalbert. Unfortunately, immediately subsequent waves of Netherlandic immigration to the area were stalled. The fall of Archbishop Adalbert and the plundering of his bishopric lands (by the Billunger) especially in the context of broader anarchy throughout Germany at this time (e.g., <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenkrieg_(Heinrich_IV.)">the revolt by the Saxons against the reign of Emperor Henry IV</a> ) probably deterred further immigration for decades.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn37" name="_ednref37" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xxxvii]</span></span></a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Things rapidly changed, however, soon after the century mark (the year 1100) was turned. In 1106, Adalbert’s successor, Archbishop Frederick of Hamburg-Bremen, energetically revived his predecessor's policy. Frederick granted "certain lands which are uncultivated, swampy, and useless" to his own people to persons "who are called Hollanders." These settlers were apparently refugees, for the charter recites that they came to the archbishop and "earnestly begged" for leave to settle on the moors. The prelate, "considering that their settlement would be profitable," granted their request.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn38" name="_ednref38" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xxxviii]</span></span></a></span></span></p></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The Flemish and Dutch settlers brought their own architecture styles with them in many cases. While doubtless the original "shack" might have been rudely built of logs, the permanent edifice was often of homemade brick made out of the local clay, with timber travesses and, of course, timbered superstructure. The floors too were brick; peat, with which the Netherlander was familiar, but which the German peasant had no knowledge of, was rarely used in construction. Instead, it was used as fuel to be burned in the fireplace”<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn39" name="_ednref39" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xxxix]</span></span></a></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The lots these settlers received were divided into rectangular blocks measuring 720 "royal" rods in length and 30 in width. The settlers were to pay one penny (denarius) annually for each hide or holding, to give every eleventh sheaf of grain, every tenth lamb, every tenth goat, every tenth goose, and a tenth of the honey and flax for tithes, besides a penny for each colt and a farthing (obolus) for each calf on St. Martin's Day. A tithe of these tithes was set aside by the archbishop for the support of the parish churches, and each priest was to have one hide of land.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn40" name="_ednref40" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xl]</span></span></a></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">One of the primary inducements always offered to these settlers was exemp</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">tion from the exasperating and multiple manorial obligations which burdened them in the homeland to such a degree that these grievances were a real cause of emigration.</span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; "><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn41" name="_ednref41" title="" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">[xli]</a></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">In the nature of things these imported judicial institutions were assimilated in course of time with those of the German population among whom these Dutch and Flemish incomers settled…. the statutes of the Flemminger Sociedt in Bitterfeld were in vogue as late as the eighteenth century, and remains of them are still traceable in this locality.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn42" name="_ednref42" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xlii]</span></span></a></span></span></p><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw9Lz8AjqkgPY9UIt0FKu3ByMt8dfpfT5wwqhkDYOfjevBTC8XcJoi2ooWIEHsAwE0C051Zrc1BbPqa67wJ62rg8ZOGa964q3hw4t_HX5GxBRAxewmOb491o9eGe72t4gpf7JoJpwE7H8/s400/L%25C3%25BCbeck_Holstentor.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5707128950935270098" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px; " /></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; "><br /></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The Netherlandic refugee settlers established some precedents. They agreed to pay every year two marks for every one hundred hides for the privilege of retaining their own law and holding their own courts for the settlement of all their differences in secular matters. This they asked "because they feared they would suffer from the injustice of foreign judges." But the archbishop's court was to remain as the ultimate court of appeal.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn43" name="_ednref43" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xliii]</span></span></a></span></span></p></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; "><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; "></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The success of this lucky experiment must have been immediate. F</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">or shortly afterwards </span><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udo_von_Gleichen-Reinhausen" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">Bishop Udo of Hildesheim</a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; "> established his own colony of Flemings at </span><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschershausen" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">Eschershausen</a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">, west of the Harz Mountains and Dietrich of Halberstadt undertook the settlement of the lowlands between the Bode and the Ocker rivers with another batch of Netherlanders.</span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; "><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn44" name="_ednref44" title="">[xliv]</a></span></span></span></p><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; "></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">By 1108 (only two years after the refugees requested lands) the promotion of Dutch and Flemish immigration for the redemption of swamp land became an organized effort of the clergy and lay nobles of Lower Germany. In that year (1108) the Archbishop of Magdeburg, the bishops of Merseburg, Naumburg, Meissen, Brandenburg, and the Counts Otto (of ?), Wicbert (of ? ), Ludwig (of ? ), ‘and all the greater and lesser lords of eastern Saxony’ united in a joint circular petition. Their appeal was sent to the Archbishop of Cologne, the bishops of Aachen and Liege, the Duke of Lower Lorraine, Robert, Count of Flanders, and others, urging them to encourage the emigration of their surplus and hungry population into Lower Germany. Modern readers are struck by the letter’s similarity to land-promotion schemes today.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn45" name="_ednref45" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xlv]</span></span></a></span></span></p><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; "></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">We do not know what the immediate effect of this effort was. But we do kno</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">w that by the middle of the 12</span><sup style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; ">th</sup><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; "> century Flemish and Frisian immigration into North Germany was in full swing. Of the German nobles at this time Adolph of Holstein was the most active in this effort. ‘In 1143,’ says the historian Helmold, ‘because the land was sparsely peopled, Count Adolph sent messengers into all the regions roundabout, even into Flanders and Holland, Utrecht, Westphalia, and Frisia, to proclaim that all who were in want of land might come with their families and receive the best of soil, a spacious country rich in crops, abounding in fish and flesh, and of exceeding good pasturage’.</span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; "><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn46" name="_ednref46" title="" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">[xlvi]</a></span></span></span></p><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; "></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Perhaps these appeals bore fruit. But whatever enthusiasm the Netherlanders may have had was likely dampened by rumours of war. The fierce racial and religious war which is known as the Wendish Crusade, broke out in 1147. It quickly devastated the whole eastern frontier of Saxon Germany from Magdeburg to Holstein. The newly </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">established Flemish and Frisian settlements were threatened as a result.</span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; "><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn47" name="_ednref47" title="" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">[xlvii]</a></span></span></span></p><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj93capGcOBmatZXiEl7hzGrT5RuqEzjvrmVTDmRLDBZjzGVOJ7DcNwcqucNq3TtyDSoWSj2C5vGY1l1mYcs4ye7p6yKSiyKKipo8GqbTq4ZgcZKmDPWGafqOSGHZgTtaf3hjrhFQw1s_A/s400/Wendish+Crusade+Wojciech_Gerson-Oplakane_apostolstwo.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5707324940755594530" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 236px; " /></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; "><br /><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; "></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Fortunately the Wends, while they hated the Saxons, did not equate the Flemish and Dutch newcomers with their traditional German enemies. Netherlandic enclaves, which could not have resisted even if they had so dared, were spared by the marauding Wends. What destruction did befall the colony was attributed to the hostility of their Holstein neighbors, who were jealous of the industriousness of the Netherlandic settlers and hated them as ‘foreigners’.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn48" name="_ednref48" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xlviii]</span></span></a></span></span></p></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The ultimate effect of the Wendish Crusade was to open large tracts of border land to occupation which hitherto had been precariously held by the Slavs. From 1147 another wave of Dutch and Flemish settlers followed hard upon on early influx of Westphalian colonists. These settlers swarmed into the territory east of the Elbe, along both the lower and the middle course of the river.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn49" name="_ednref49" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xlix]</span></span></a></span></span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">One might think that these humble laborers who settled where others would not go and hardly competed at all with the German would have been welcomed by him. But this was not the case. Helmold relates that the Holsteiners, not without reason, were suspected of burning down the villages of Flemish and Dutch settlers during the Wendish crusade ‘on account of their hatred of these immigrants’ who the Holsteiners called ‘Rustri’.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn50" name="_ednref50" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[l]</span></span></a></span></span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">No lord of North Germany was more active in promoting the colonization and settlement of these Dutch and Flemish immigrants than Albrecht the Bear of Brandenburg. In this policy he was ably assisted by the local bishops, especially Archbishop Wichmann of Magdeburg.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn51" name="_ednref51" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[li]</span></span></a></span></span></p><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">Although Albrecht had received titular investiture of the margraviate of Brandenburg around the year 1134, the resident Slavs were not wholly subdued until 1157 (partly thanks to Archbishop Wichmann). Even earlier, in the last year of his episcopacy at Naumburg, Archbishop Wichmann had imported a colony of Flemings and settled them at Schul-Pforta. There they long retained their own laws and gave their name-<a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemmingen">Flemmingen</a></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn52" name="_ednref52" title="" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[lii]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; "> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">or Flaminghe-to the locality. Six years after his transference to Magdeburg, at a time when Albrecht's domination had been made complete in Brandenburg, Wichmann began the active importation of Flemish and Dutch settlers into the unoccupied marsh lands of the Havel.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn53" name="_ednref53" title="" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[liii]</span></span></span></a></div><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The incoming Flemish and Dutch settlers had a natural aptitude for this kind of labor</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; ">…. The charter of Bishop Gerung aplauded the ‘strong men of Flanders’ (strenuos viros ex Flandrensi) who redeemed the vast swamps around Meissen. Besides ditching, diking, and draining, these Netherlanders materially helped the country by constructing roads. Curiously, they also seemed to have accepted the responsibility for the extermination of snakes.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn54" name="_ednref54" title="" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[liv]</span></span></span></a></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">However, Wichmann was not the originator in thus settling these colonies along the upper Elbe. Already in 1154 Bishop Gerung of Meissen had established a group of them at Kiihren near Wurzen. But Wichmann was the greatest promoter of these enterprises, more so even than Albrecht the Bear himself. The details of the history of the settlement of these Dutch and Flemish colonies by Albrecht and Wichmann may be traced in the Urkunde:<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn55" name="_ednref55" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[lv]</span></span></a></span></span></p></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">“<i>As the Slavs gradually disappeared [due to attacks of the Germans], [Margraeve Albrecht the Bear] sent to Utrecht and the regions of the [lower] Rhine, as well as to those peoples who live near the ocean and suffer the violence of the sea, namely, Hollanders, Zealanders, and Flemings, and brought a great multitude of them and caused them to dwell in the towns and villages of the Slavs. He greatly furthered the immigration of settlers into the bishoprics of Brandenburg and Havelberg, because the churches multiplied there and the value of the tithes greatly increase</i>”<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn56" name="_ednref56" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[lvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8pUQQwaSTdHfv40E25hvJ50rBWc6FBFZQt_7ORxiwGSduZRud4huPi_xajavHIQk_qWdaA3mgQtleMN0JDbZeNtIm7WFLg9LKAHfzu11qlpmhS4b9I9Qr6AfMXBldKpnTnl_v_fljABk/s400/King_of_the_Holy_Roman_German_Empire_Henry_I._the_Fowler.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5707477082922613554" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 279px; height: 400px; " /></div><div><br /></div><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">In 1159 Abbot Arnold of Ballenstadt purchased two localities "formerly possessed by the Slavs" from the Margrave. He then sold holdings in them to ‘certain Flemings who had petitioned permission to occupy them and to preserve their own law.’<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn57" name="_ednref57" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[lvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Adolph of Holstein was the earliest of the lay nobles of Germany to introduce Dutch and Flemish colonization in Saxony. Adolph was followed by Henry the Lion, whose intelligent rule owes more to Adolph's example than his biographers have admitted. Henry the Lion introduced these Dutch and Flemish settlers as a way of retaining control over territory. Since Henry the Lion is credited with founding the cities of Munich and Lubeck, it is possible (and even likely) that these cities owe their initial settlement to Dutch, Flemish, and Frisian immigrants.<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn58" name="_ednref58" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[lviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">After all but the last remnants of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obotrites">Obodrite confederacy</a> were driven out of Mecklenburg in 1160, by a joint expedition of Henry and King Waldemar of Denmark, he imported hundreds of Netherlanders into the bottom lands around Mecklenburg and Ratzeburg. This policy continued for decades. However, at the end of the twelfth century there was a noticeable falling off in Dutch and Flemish immigration into Lower Germany. How far this decline was due to the fall of Henry the Lion in 1181, or to the growing prosperity of the Low Countries, which, as every scholar knows, reached a high degree of economic development at this time, is difficult to determine.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn59" name="_ednref59" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[lix]</span></span></a></span></span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">One factor in "slowing down" this immigration perhaps may be that, as the Weser and Elbe River marshes increasingly became settled, the next available tracts, in the basin of the Oder River, were too far away from the source of potential immigrants. The fact that the best marsh lands had by the year 1200 already been occupied certainly had some impact on potential immigrants.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn60" name="_ednref60" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[lx]</span></span></a></span></span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">While there still were territories that could be drained and cultivated, the remaining marshlands were so vast and difficult that they were beyond the capital and engineering capabilities of small Netherlandic peasant bands to undertake. Such enormous tracts of swamp as the Goldene Aue could only be successfully drained by an enterprise that could aggregate capital and other resources – such as religious orders like that of the Cistercians. Whatever the reasons, there are proportionally fewer examples of the establishment of Dutch or Flemish colonies in Lower Germany after 1180 than before that date.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn61" name="_ednref61" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[lxi]</span></span></a></span></span></p><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7ZumtGPrgbpB-v6m6kQR2U74mQ1KVn-kYSfpLSLFkKSZ03dxxY4OC5uQ0RXy5RP0ShEz8GEzqFwxu5tmLkPzo0Sbu8iey091hvTW6OqjLGQGAlp9AUzCAsp5GWfsi-6g7skSlC45jm18/s400/holy_roman_empire_1138_1254.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5707336063295295730" style="text-align: center; display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 238px; height: 400px; " /></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><u><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Netherlandic Settlers in Other Germanic Lands<o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">In the thirteenth century Silesia and the territory of Lebus in farther Brandenburg, where the March touched the Oder (not the bottom lands of the Weser and the Elbe, nor lower Saxony and Mecklenburg) were the parts of Germany whither the tide of overflow population from the Low Countries directed itself. In <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebus">Lebus</a>, where the population still was heavily Slavonic (it was the ancient land of the Leubuzzi), the local ruling house was very active in attracting colonists from Flanders, Eastphalia, Hesse, and Thuringia. In the thirty-five years between 1204-1239 over 160,000 acres of waste or bottom land was redeemed by these immigrants.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn62" name="_ednref62" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[lxii]</span></span></a></span></span></p></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-size: 100%; font-family: Georgia, serif; "> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">In lower Silesia, where the people were ethnically Polish, there was a great influx of Westphalian colonists during the reign of Boleslav the Tall and his son Conrad. Most of the Flemish immigrants who entered Silesia came into the country in the wake of the Westphalians. Zedlitz, a town west of the Oder River near Steinau, seems to have been one of these settlements, and Pogel near Wohlau certainly was a Flemish colony.<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn63" name="_ednref63" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[lxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">As to Dutch and Flemish immigration into Southwestern Germany, there is little recorded. Leopold VI of Austria in 1106 issued a charter bestowing certain rights and liberties upon ‘burgenses nostros qui apud nos Flacdrenses ntuncupatur in civitate nostra Wiena.' But the intensely mountainous nature of much of the Austrian and Hungarian lands repelled settlers who were used to a fen country. Consequently, there is little evidence of organized or group colonization by the Flemish or the Dutch in Southeastern Europe.<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn64" name="_ednref64" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[lxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">It is a noteworthy fact that these Dutch and Flemish immigrants, and especially the Flemish, were almost wholly rural peasants and not townspeople, even though Flemish towns by the twelfth century were already well developed. The effect that this diligent peasantry had upon the development of German rural regions, especially in reclamation of swamp lands, was significant.<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn65" name="_ednref65" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[lxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The historian Lamprecht has said that the greatest deed of the German people in the Middle Ages was their eastward expansion over, and colonization of, the Slavonic lands between the Elbe and the Oder rivers. Certainly most of this long and important labor was done by the Germans themselves. But a not inconsiderable portion of this achievement was due to the nameless Dutch and Flemish pioneers who left their low-lying homelands. Dwelling near the North Sea and subject to its violent capriciousness, the Netherlanders overcame that to redeem the marshes of the Weser, the Elbe, the Havel, the Oder, and even the Vistula.<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_edn66" name="_ednref66" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[lxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p><div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">In the process of making new lives for themselves and their families, the Flemish, Frisian, and Dutch settlers laid the foundations for a great land. Centuries later, as their descendants found Germany itself less hospitable – whether politically or economically – they fled again to a New World. Today, German Americans constitute the largest single ethnicity in the United States. Undoubtedly many carry DNA that originated in the “vlakke land”.Yet another example then of the Flemish contribution to the discovery and settlement of America.<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTNHMwnmkmJ4mcoaoglfAWcPwY4QvXCO-L9ADutvvN5wNsK9Z3flRecmoF_-Yf_8hrf32F8YHJ63BF3edjWoZV6atA68y24PuHCFOzTnIuUsHNkyQTkBVRoToo_H0ZNZHqanVFtcYz-bg/s400/Albert_I_of_Brandenburg.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5707126439687622514" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 226px; height: 400px; " /></div><div></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Endnotes</span></p><div style="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; "> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" style="font-style: normal; "> <!--[endif]--> <div id="edn1" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; ">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> </span><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><span>Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.159<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn2" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.160<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn3" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.160<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn4" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.160<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn5" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.161<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn6" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.170.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn7" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> My suspicion on this point is that the good Dr. Thompson is either mistaken or uninformed. There certainly is evidence of Flemish settlements in southeastern Europe (if we define Hungary as such). Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.180<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn8" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.177<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn9" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> A brief digression here might be helpful from the purpose of context. William of Malmesbury, an early 12<sup>th</sup> century commentator, had this to say on the Cistercian monastic life: “Certainly many of their regulations seem severe, and more particularly these: they wear nothing made with furs or linen, nor even that finely spun linen…neither breeches [either], unless when sent on a journey, which at their return they wash and restore. They have two tunics with cowls, but no additional garment in winter, though, if they think fit, in summer they may lighten their garb. They sleep clad and girded, and never after matins return to their beds: but they so order the time of matins that it shall be light ere the lauds begin; so intent are they on their rule[s]…after which they go out to work for [the] stated hours. They complete whatever labor or service they have to perform by day without any other light….The abbot allows himself no indulgence beyond the others…never more than two dishes are served to him or to his company; lard and meat never but to the sick. From the Ides of September till Easter, through regard for whatever festival, they do not take more than one meal a day, except on Sunday…The Cistercian monks at the present day are a model for all monks, a mirror for the diligent, a spur to the indolent.” See William of Malmesbury, “The Cistercian Order”, pp.55-58 in James Bruce Ross and Mary Martin McLaughlin, eds., <u>The Portable Medieval Reader</u>, (New York: The Viking Press, 1961), pp. 57-58. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn10" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.168<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn11" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.161<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn12" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref12" name="_edn12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.161<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn13" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref13" name="_edn13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.162<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn14" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref14" name="_edn14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.162<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn15" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref15" name="_edn15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> The author adds that “there was a three years' famine in 1144-47”. Later on the same page (footnote 3) JFT observes: “Curschmann, 40 and I40-4I. He compares it, 8, with the great drought in Europe in 1847 and its effect upon emigration, particularly from Germany and Ireland. In the latter country the potato crop had also failed the year before. The effect of these "hard times" in provoking popular discontent and so promoting the revolution of i848 has not yet been studied. Over-population and under-production are sometimes the positive and the negative way of saying the same thing, and over-population in the Middle Ages was a very prevalent cause of migration. See for Belgium, Blanch- ard, 485-88; Curschmann, igg; Pirenne, <u>Histoire de Belgique</u>, I, 135-40; for Germany, Piischel, <u>Anwaccsen der deutschen Stadte in der Zeit der mittelalterlichen kolonial Bewegung</u>, 13-15; Wendt, <u>Die Germanisierung der Laender ostlich der Elbe</u>, II, 17-18” Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.163<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn16" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref16" name="_edn16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> The author, on p.164, footnote 1, adds ” The year I405-6 wrought terrible havoc along all the North Sea coast. It was perhaps the greatest storm in history, for it practically raged, with brief intermissions, over the whole of Europe from November, I405, to April, I406. Bruges, the greatest commercial emporium of the north, was ruined by it, for the sea overwhelmed the great tide gates at the mouth of the Zwin, regarded even in Dante's time as an engineering wonder, and so filled the harbor of Bruges with sand that nothing but the lightest draft vessels could enter. At the same time this great storm cleared a huge island of sand out of the mouth of the Scheldt and opened Antwerp, which hitherto had been a mere fishing village, to trade, and so it succeeded Bruges in commercial history. Popular opinion associated this mighty storm with the death of Tamerlane, who died February I9, I405, but the news was not known in Western Europe until March, 1406. Wylie, History of the Reign of Henry IV, II, 470-75, has gathered a mass of data regarding its effects in England. The winter I407-8 was the "Great Winter”. Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.165<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn17" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref17" name="_edn17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.164<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn18" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref18" name="_edn18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.165<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn19" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref19" name="_edn19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, pp.165-166.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn20" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref20" name="_edn20" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.166<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn21" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref21" name="_edn21" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.166.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn22" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref22" name="_edn22" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, pp.166-167.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn23" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref23" name="_edn23" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, pp.166-167.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn24" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref24" name="_edn24" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.167<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn25" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref25" name="_edn25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.167<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn26" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref26" name="_edn26" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Henry the Lion’s paternal great-grandmother was Judith of Flanders and maternal great-grandfather was Henry of Northeim, Margrave of Frisia. See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Lion">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Lion</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn27" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref27" name="_edn27" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xxvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> So called because of his steadiness and decisiveness – not because of any lumbering traits. See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_the_Bear">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_the_Bear</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn28" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref28" name="_edn28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xxviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, pp.167-168.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn29" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref29" name="_edn29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xxix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> <span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Der Ortsname<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i style="text-align: -webkit-auto; ">Vlemindorp</i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; "> </span>taucht erstmals 1293 auf; er änderte sich in den folgenden 250 Jahren über<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i style="text-align: -webkit-auto; ">Vlemischdorph, Vlemingstorp, to Vlemstorp, Flemickstorp</i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; "> </span>zu</span><i style="text-align: -webkit-auto; ">Flemsdorff</i><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; ">. Das<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stra%C3%9Fendorf" title="Straßendorf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span style="color:#0B0080;background:white">Straßendorf</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; "> </span></span><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">hatte 1527 eine Kirche, eine Schäferei und 68<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hufe" title="Hufe" style="background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span style="color:#0B0080;background:white">Hufen</span></a><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; ">. 1840 wurden 25 Wohnhäuser, 1860 drei öffentliche, 14 Wohn- und 25 Wirtschaftsgebäude (darunter eine Getreidemühle) und im Gut elf Wohn- und 17 Wirtschaftsgebäude (darunter eine<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennerei" title="Brennerei" style="background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span style="color:#0B0080;background:white">Brennerei</span></a><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; ">) gezählt.</span> See </span><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemsdorf#Ortsteil_Flemsdorf">http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemsdorf#Ortsteil_Flemsdorf</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div id="edn30" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref30" name="_edn30" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xxx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.168<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn31" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref31" name="_edn31" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xxxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.168<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn32" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref32" name="_edn32" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xxxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.169.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn33" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref33" name="_edn33" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xxxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.169.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn34" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref34" name="_edn34" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xxxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.169.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn35" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref35" name="_edn35" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xxxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.170.</span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn36" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref36" name="_edn36" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xxxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.170.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn37" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref37" name="_edn37" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xxxvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.171.</span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn38" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref38" name="_edn38" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xxxviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.171.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn39" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref39" name="_edn39" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xxxix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.182<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn40" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref40" name="_edn40" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xl]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.171.</span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn41" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref41" name="_edn41" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xli]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.183<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn42" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref42" name="_edn42" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; ">[xlii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.184<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn43" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref43" name="_edn43" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xliii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.171.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn44" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref44" name="_edn44" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xliv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, pp.171-172<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn45" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref45" name="_edn45" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xlv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.172<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn46" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref46" name="_edn46" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xlvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.172. An alternate translation sounds a bit easier to the modern ear: “[Adolph II, Count of Holstein] began to rebuild [in 1143] the fortress at Segeberg and girded it with a wall. As the land was without inhabitants, he [Adolph II, Count of Holstein] sent messengers into all parts, namely, to Flanders and Holland, to Utrecht, Westphalia and Frisia, proclaiming that whosoever were in straits for lack of fields should come with their families and receive a very good land – spacious land, rich in crops, abounding in fish and flesh and exceeding[ly] good pasturage.” Helmold, “The Conversion and Subjugation of the Slavs”, pp.415-421 in James Bruce Ross and Mary Martin McLaughlin, eds., <u>The Portable Medieval Reader</u>, (New York: The Viking Press, 1961), p.417. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn47" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref47" name="_edn47" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xlvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.173<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn48" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref48" name="_edn48" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xlviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.173<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn49" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref49" name="_edn49" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xlix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.173<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn50" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref50" name="_edn50" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[l]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.185<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn51" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref51" name="_edn51" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[li]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.174<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn52" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref52" name="_edn52" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[lii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Today Flemmingen is a hamlet of less than 600 souls. <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemmingen">http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemmingen</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn53" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref53" name="_edn53" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[liii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.175<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn54" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref54" name="_edn54" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[liv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.185<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn55" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref55" name="_edn55" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[lv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.175<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn56" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref56" name="_edn56" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[lvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.176<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn57" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref57" name="_edn57" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[lvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.177<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn58" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref58" name="_edn58" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[lviii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, pp.177-178. For the bit about the founding of Munich and Lubeck please see <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn59" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref59" name="_edn59" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[lix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, pp.177-178.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn60" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref60" name="_edn60" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[lx]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, pp.177-178.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn61" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref61" name="_edn61" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[lxi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, pp.177-178.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn62" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref62" name="_edn62" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[lxii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.179. A quote of the times is telling: “The Prussians often did much harm to these lands. They burned, destroyed, murdered men and drove women and children into eternal slavery. And if a pregnant woman could not keep up with their army, they killed her, together with the unborn child. They tore children from their mothers’ arms and impaled them on fence poles where the little ones died in great misery, kicking and screaming.” Anonymous, “The German Push to the East”, pp. 421-429, in in James Bruce Ross and Mary Martin McLaughlin, eds., <u>The Portable Medieval Reader</u>, (New York: The Viking Press, 1961), p.422.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn63" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref63" name="_edn63" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[lxiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.179<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn64" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref64" name="_edn64" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[lxiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.180<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn65" style="font-style: normal; "> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref65" name="_edn65" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[lxv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.184<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn66"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="font-style: normal; "><span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/Flemish%20Settlement%20in%20Medierval%20Germany.docx#_ednref66" name="_edn66" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[lxvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany Author(s): James Westfall Thompson Reviewed work(s):Source: <u>American Journal of Sociology</u>, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Sep., 1918), pp. 159-186. Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2763957 .Accessed: 01/02/2012 18:08, p.186.</span></span></p><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="font-style: normal; "><span><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; "><i>Copyright 2012 by David Baeckelandt. All rights reserved. No reproduction is permitted in any way without my express, written consent.</i></span></span></p> </div> </div></div>Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-84621204337610390622012-01-21T08:27:00.011-06:002012-01-22T13:22:51.396-06:00The De Milles of Flanders, New Netherland and Hollywood<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY84o5xI_6QpdqYGzpSwwHZs41HxLUZ7XNijMty7WyXdT5jB6eF3f35YDLmJc4zIzNnJoHpbytRp7tllQcPJxog9SC7ZGScUAlfNKDNm20ACleMCoCCHu-KMVWNtyFPNlbji8zIyRwYi4/s1600/10Commandments+Poster+1956.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 260px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY84o5xI_6QpdqYGzpSwwHZs41HxLUZ7XNijMty7WyXdT5jB6eF3f35YDLmJc4zIzNnJoHpbytRp7tllQcPJxog9SC7ZGScUAlfNKDNm20ACleMCoCCHu-KMVWNtyFPNlbji8zIyRwYi4/s400/10Commandments+Poster+1956.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700538783758910338" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i><span ><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille">Cecil B.DeMille</a> died on this day, January 21<sup>st</sup>, in 19</span></i><i><span >59. At the time of his death he was at the very top of the “A list” of Hollywood directors. DeMille is probably not well remembered by many outside of the film industry today. But among DeMille’s Academy Award winning films were “Cleopatra”, “Samson and Delilah”, “The Greatest Show on Earth”, and, of course, “<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1956_film)">The Ten Commandments</a>”. This last film was among the top five most profitable films in history and is still considered a classic (it won multiple Academy Awards).</span></i></div><br /></div><div> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span >De Mille’s importance to us here is that he epitomizes for that time what an Ame</span></i><i><span >ri</span></i><i><span >can celebrity was. Yet, the reality is that he was a Flemish American. This of course speaks to the issues of assimilation and self-identity (I have not seen any article or statement where De Mille publicly acknowledged his Flemish roots). Be that as it may, DeMille is a direct descendant of Flemish emigrants. The important point here, of course, is that DeMille’s genealogy speaks to the unacknowledged presence (and prominence) of Flemish Americans.</span></i></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span >Permit me then to offer to you, on this anniversary of his passing, an abrdiged and edited reprinting of the Flemish origins of the DeMilles (edited by me for style but content primarily excerpted from Louis P. de Boer’s “Pre-American Notes on Old New Netherland Families,” from <u>The Genealogical Magazine of New Jersey</u>, Volume III/1928).<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7cgNUP_a0Mirh_M_cwDH627tiMwIyTMHpqzEzRZcCEedz5W3kWsf0_a2ReBm76Slr9mghUyviYFS-GATwHOk-BAw6hCBigte5Nr1hnIoY6jB4-53CvSp97D2NCObuPVcokj9ILAGI4MQ/s400/777px-Berkheyde-Haarlem+1696.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700526915065241618" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 309px; " /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left; "></div></div></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span >Anthony deMil/DeMille (1625-1689) is the first of his family name to reside in America.<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> He is a direct ancestor in the male line of Cecil B. DeMille (1881-1959). The De Milles belonged to the colony of Flemish refugees which had established itself at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Haarlem">Haarlem</a> after <a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkoord_van_Veere">1577</a>, just after that city had freed itself from Spanish control.<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The Flemish colony at Haarlem had grown as a result of immigration, by numbers of settlers, either directly from Flanders, or from Flemish refugee colonies in England and Germany.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[iii]</span></span></a></span></span></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span >The persecutions of dissenters [such as the <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2008/11/flemish-influence-on-pilgrims-part-1.html">Pilgrims</a>, who of course fled England for the Netherlands in 1607] by the British King James I caused many Flemings to flee England and relocate in Haarlem. Even at that time this was remarked upon. In the Haarlem city archives there is a thin booklet called [translated into English] “An Account of the Flemings who have come to the city of Haarlem in the year 1612”.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[iv]</span></span></a></span></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; ">After the outbreak of the Thirty Years War in 1618</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title="" style="font-family: arial; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[v]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: arial; ">, still more Fleming</span><span style="font-family: arial; ">s came to Haarlem. These Flemish refugees were part of the mass exodus of Flemish Protestants who had established congregations in the Rhineland and Palatine</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title="" style="font-family: arial; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[vi]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: arial; "> (western Germany). Like their fellow Flemings in the diaspora in England and France, the Flemish diaspora in western Germany came into being after Catholic Spain reconquered Flanders (1577-1585).</span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; "><br /></span></div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhEhlLmr2O6Btakr59NNeYflLKazMcmPSEIBm4iRKcouxYqOne3JaF6HMD4oFTX3PW_X_SsXOHLQjBoWtRl1FWKZDO8L-JhqwD5Ml4-txJNxnmRXQ1PiqioYWEdqdkXuWmjZ9r6RsEZks/s400/Vlamingen+in+Haarlem.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700523154261602226" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 250px; height: 362px; " /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div><span style="font-family: arial; ">This influx of Flemish refugees transformed Haarlem. By 1622 more than 50% of all Haarlem residents were from the Southern Netherlands.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title="" style="font-family: arial; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[vii]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: arial; "> This had a profound impact on the culture and even the language (with the Haarlem dialect adopting the “</span><a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachte_g" style="font-family: arial; ">zachte ‘g’</a><span style="font-family: arial; ">”/soft “g” of Flanders).</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span >Of the Flemish refugees at Haarlem, the largest numbers appear to have come from Brugge (Bruges), Gent (Ghent) and Antwerp.<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> For the first few generations this Flemish community kept up their Flemish traditions and customs and frequently intermarried. When they emmigrated abroad, these practices were carried over to New Netherland. In fact, many of these Haarlem Flemings settled in New Netherland beginning around the middle of the 17<sup>th</sup> century.</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span >The Flemish Haarlem family we are most interested in, the De Mille family, was originally from Brugge (Bruges), in West Flanders. For example: a certain Gerard de Mille lived at Brugge in 1350; a Jan de Mille lived there in 1400 and a Martin de Mille was a resident at Brugge in 1550. Some members of the De Mille family were wholesale flour and grain merchants. This appears to be a profession passed from father to son. A branch of the family also existed at Antwerp.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[ix]</span></span></a></span></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span >Like his father before him, Anthony de Mille (grandfather of Anthony De Mille the New N</span><span style="font-family: arial; ">etherlander) was born at Brugge about 1550. There he married Maria Cobrysse [perhaps sometime in the late 1570s or early 1580s]. Maria was the daughter of Jacob Cobrysse and his wife Jacomyntje. Maria’s mother’s sister [name unknown] married a Matthys van de Walle. Sometime before 1597 both Anthony de Mille and his wife Maria Cobrysse died and their minor children were taken in by their great uncle Matthys de Walle.</span></p><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJ-eHhOR-SBrkDRxrCWFu2F8dLaDcuZjSnywfFsjDYqCmt28nBl6OBrysGDwtehNzeTOcKVulV8rghd2H34JDd9fItwgduYxjgbiqUc7aLL0H5-37uic7K60vBf3phOlJWX50G96rAv54/s400/Zicht+op+Vlissingen+vanuit+zee+door+nl+Petrus+Segars+1662.JPG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700523163092939970" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px; " /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; ">It was also about this time that the family fled – as many Bruggelings and West Flemings did – to Zealand. Since Brugge fell to the Spanish in 1584 it might have been then. At any rate, the son of the deceased Anthony de Mille of Brugge, also (and confusingly) named Anthony de Mille (but referred to here as the Elder), was raised in Vlissingen (aka Flushing) in Zealand. It is here where Anthoiny de Mille the Younger (the New Netherlander) may have been born.</span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span >Anthony de Mille the Younger at some point gravitated back to the “half-Flemish city” of Haarlem. For it was at the Dutch Reformed Church at Haarlem on September 19, 1653 that Anthony de Mille the Younger married Elisabeth van der Liphorst, a lady of Flemish origins residing at Haarlem.<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Both bride and groom had lived on the Anegang, a narrow street still used in Haarlem.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span >Like some of his ancestors, Anthony de Mille the Younger made his living as a grain merchant. This required frequent travel. But since the grain trade was closely tied into the financial exchange at Amsterdam, it is likely this which pulled the young family from Haarlem to Amsterdam. It was in Amsterdam in the following year, 1654, that the couple’s first child (named Maria, after her paternal grandmother as was the practice) was born.</span></p></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; ">However business must have been unstable. Because by 1656 the family was living in Vlissingen (Flushing), Zealand. And in 1657 the family was back in Haarlem. On May May 3</span><sup style="font-family: arial; ">rd</sup><span style="font-family: arial; ">, 1657 “Anthony de Mil, formerly of Vlissingen, and at present residing here at Haarlem,” appointed Pieter van der Voort of Haarlem guardian of the minor children of his late sister “Grietje Antonis…widow of the late Johannes Reynders.”</span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="font-family: arial; "><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xi]</span></span></a></span></div><div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGJcYibhv4FRVEihxAx8PTtVNHrz8hwCeHE_PTlwD7i-m-0XEIt1qre7TyLp26quRYu97QlnhZSm1jy1yEU1SlaY52moM_afjhQWTIeEoIchfADdaJhRQSZYoDXQv34pjovebZO-cJTsc/s400/734px-Harlemum_-_Haerlem_-_Haarlem_%25281646%252C_Atlas_van_Loon%2529.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700531035651396114" style="text-align: center; display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 327px; " /></div><div><br /></div> <p class="MsoNormal"><span >The next child we know of from the notarial records was born and baptized in Haarlem. The translated entry reads:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span > </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.5in;text-indent:-1.5in"><span >21 August 1657 Father: Anthony de Mil of Haarlem Mother: Elisabeth van der Liphorst <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.5in;text-indent:-1.5in"><span > ANNA Witnesses: Jacob van de Water & Elisabeth van der Schalcken<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span > </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span >On May 15, 1658) the de Mille family left for America.<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Anthony de Mille and his family sailed from Amsterdam in Holland for New Amsterdam in New Netherland on the ship <i>De Vergulde Bever</i> (The Gilded Beaver).<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The family included Anthony, his wife Elisabeth van der Liphorst, and their children, Maria (aged 4) and Anna (9 months).<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; "><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title="">[xiv]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTXB-6sYxsLRGTvyiuVmvtxoIKvdSlSLuASzW_B-iUqW2FOIVsmUGoIyYhIkqBLsf7_xJFVnaAnjJII4X4oi4dsE6IesR6-lPa8HsOJUmfkf1DnJdqV5kRnb4C1tusld6rCHCEcksxEU8/s400/Bay+of+Manhattan+by+Len+Tantillo.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700530588195669138" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 390px; height: 309px; " /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span >However, this soon changed. In quick succession Anthony and Elisabeth added three sons and another daughter to their brood.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span ><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span > </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.5in;text-indent:-1.5in"><span >7 December 1659 Parents: Anthony de Mill Lysbeth van der Liphorst<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.5in;text-indent:-1.5in"><span >ISAAC Witnesses: Govert Loockermans & Neeltje de Nys <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span > </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span > </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.5in;text-indent:-1.5in"><span ><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.5in;text-indent:-1.5in"><span >12 October 1661 Parents: Anthony de Mill Lysbeth van Liphorst <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.5in;text-indent:-1.5in"><span > PETRUS Witnesses: Johannes van Brugge & Cornelia de Peyster <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.5in;text-indent:-1.5in"><span ><br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span > </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span > </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.5in;text-indent:-1.5in"><span >30 December 1663 Parents: Anthony de Mill Lysbeth van der Liphorst <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.5in;text-indent:-1.5in"><span > SARA Witnesses: Hendrick van de Water & Ytie Strycker<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span > </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span > </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.5in;text-indent:-1.5in"><span >14 March 1666 Parents: Anthony de Mill Lysbeth van der Liphorst <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1.5in;text-indent:-1.5in"><span > ANTHONY Witnesses: Johannes de Peyster & Catharina Roelofs<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span >It is remarkable that most of the baptismal witnesses named above had Flemish names, although Govert Loockermans is the only one actually born in modern-day Flanders (Turnhout).<a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The last three named – Van Brugge, de Peyster, and van der Water – all belonged to the Haarlem-Flemish diaspora that resettled in New Netherland.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xvi]</span></span></a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span >Once in New Netherland, Anthony de Mille earned his daily bread (literally) as a baker. It is possible that de Mille was even involved in baking Sinterklaas cookies for the half-Flemish Maria van Rensselaer <a href="http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2011/12/flemish-claim-to-sinterklaas-in-america.html">http://flemishamerican.blogspot.com/2011/12/flemish-claim-to-sinterklaas-in-america.html</a> While baking seems to be a safe occupation, de Mille did seem to get into trouble. Noted New Netherlands historian Dr. Jaap Jacobs cites an example where de Mille (whose name is incorrectly transcribed as “de Milt”) is fined 150 guilders for baking bread lighter than regulations.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; ">[xvii]</span></span></a></span></span></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span >Anthony de Mille’s will, dated May 27, 1689, was proved December 10, 1689, and confirmed by Governor Leisler January 4, 1690. The will names him “a merchant living in the City of New York, and a widower.” It mentions his children and his housekeeper, Mary Winter [as heirs]. While locally prominent to various degrees, none of these de Milles ever reached real prominence. Little did they all know that one day a direct descendant would <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Cecil_B._DeMille_Award">claim the world stage</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span ><br /></span></p><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8aLwqnv1dgFBXnmZU7iYdB0-8EMn0bGaLJeASZJNxWrGMa6XV40X3_V5pKQKaaGDpQuwB25u2QZr78G1EOkXS6MsQCoYhi1JG9qZdh4Jj2jJIwyzY72WBU-5bJfS6uE9Mrfp1AnQzRlc/s400/Cecil_B_de_Mille_in_The_Greatest_Show_on_Earth_trailer.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5700523149220652450" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; cursor: pointer; width: 278px; height: 233px; " /> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span > </span></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span ><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span >Endnotes </span></p><div> <hr align="left" width="33%"> <!--[endif]--> <div id="edn1"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span ><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> There appears to be a great deal of misinformation floating around on DeMille, his birthplace, his ancestors, etc. (from websites – cf <a href="http://www.geni.com/people/Anthony-Demill/6000000000609950526">http://www.geni.com/people/Anthony-Demill/6000000000609950526</a> and <a href="http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~jmthompson/Roads/familygroup/fg03_203.htm">http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~jmthompson/Roads/familygroup/fg03_203.htm</a> ). Thus, the genealogies associated with these names are always suspect unless one has the documentation as verification. So,permit me to offer a disclaimer: with the exception of the sources I include below, I am not able to verify the full genealogical contents of Louis de Boer’s article.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn2"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span ><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Haarlem was besieged by the Spanish and after capitulating, the surrendering Netherlandic troops were butchered and the city sacked by the Spaniards. In 1577 the Agreement of Veere was signed that granted equal rights to both Catholics and Protestants. The accord lasted for a year before Catholicism was forbidden. The ebb and flow of the Dutch Revolt/Eighty Years War is difficult to follow and not treated in any recent books in English that I am aware of. The two best authorities (in English) are Geoffrey Parker, <u>The Dutch Revolt</u>, (Norwich: Penguin Books, 1977) and Pieter Geyl, <u>The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555-1609</u>, (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1980). Sadly, Jonathan I. Israel, <u>The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806</u>, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), fails miserably for anyone who seeks to understand the timeline of the period. Israel also appears shockingly oblivious to the major contribution of Zuid Nederlanders to the rise and greatness of the Dutch Republic.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn3"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span ><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Please see a nice article here on the Flemish influence on Haarlem (in Dutch): <a href="http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4324/nieuws/article/detail/1083652/2010/01/16/Vlaming-in-Haarlem.dhtml">http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4324/nieuws/article/detail/1083652/2010/01/16/Vlaming-in-Haarlem.dhtml</a> . For the definitive overview in Dutch on the Flemings in Haarlem, see also P. Biesboer, et.al., <u>Vlamingen in Haarlem</u>, (Haarlem: De Vrieseborch, 1996).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn4"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span ><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Unfortunately I have been unable to locate a single reference to such a book anywhere. This leads me to wonder if the good Mr. DeBoer might have mistranscribed the reference. The only document that I am aware of is Pieter van Hulle’s 1642 <em><u><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; font-style: normal; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Memoriaal van de Overkomste der Vlamingen hier binnen Haarlem</span></u></em><span style="color:#222222;background:white"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; ">.</span></span><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"> </span>Incidentally (and unfortunately) Van Hulle’s “Memoriaal” is not on Google books.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn5"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span ><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> See Geoffrey Parker, <u>The Thirty Years’ War</u>, (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn6"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span ><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> A good online source and summary of the history of the Palatine as it relates to immigrants to America in the 17<sup>th</sup> century can be found here: <a href="http://www.olivetreegenealogy.com/palatines/palatine-history.shtml">http://www.olivetreegenealogy.com/palatines/palatine-history.shtml</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn7"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span ><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> See Dr. J. Briels, <u>Zuid-Nederlanders in de Republiek, 1572-1630: Een demografische en cultuurhistorische studie</u>, (Sint-Niklaas, Danthe, 1985), “Tabel XXI: Immigratie in de Noordelijke Nederlanden-Samenvatting”, p.214. Dr. Briels shows that several other cities which contributed large numbers of immigrants to America – Leyden and Middleburg each had more than 50% immigrants from modern day Belgium in 1622. Even Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Gouda were reckoned to have more than 30% Zuid-Nederlanders. For Dr. Briel’s analysis of the composition of the Flemish influx to Haarlem during this time see ibid, pp.107-116. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn8"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span ><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> In this respect De Boer is not basing his claim on statistics. Dr. J. Briels, <u>Zuid-Nederlanders in de Republiek, 1572-1630: Een demografische en cultuurhistorische studie</u>, (Sint-Niklaas, Danthe, 1985), “Tabel XXI: Immigratie in de Noordelijke Nederlanden-Samenvatting”, in his “Tabel II: Immigratie in Haarlem – 1578-1609. Bron: lidmatenboeken van de calvinistische gemeente” p.112, refugees from Gent (234) and Antwerp (225) far exceeded those from Brugge (60). Even Tielt (76), Menen (75), Roeselare (74), and Kortrijk (66) exceeded those listed as from Brugge. However, the greatest number (453) simply said they were from “Vlaanderen”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn9"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span ><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> De Boer goes onto say: “In the old Abbey-Church of St. Michel at Antwerp there is a tombstone with the following inscription (translated): ‘Here lies buried, Francois de Mil, Lord of Westerem and Faerden.” Mr. de Boer goes onto offer an inscription at the church and other details. Unfortunately, the closest example to a church that fits that description that I am able to uncover is this church in Antwerp: <a href="http://www.topa.be/site/216.html">http://www.topa.be/site/216.html</a>. The Wikipedia description is a bit clearer: <a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Michielsabdij_(Antwerpen)">http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Michielsabdij_(Antwerpen)</a> However, according to the history, the church was demolished by Napolean’s troops preparing for a crossing of the English Channel in the 1790s. So it is very hard to place the actual details of this transcription. Parenthetically, the fief that this Francois de Mil was theoretically suzerain over appears to be now a part of Gent, not Antwerp: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Denijs-Westrem">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Denijs-Westrem</a> .<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn10"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span ><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> In the Haarlem Art Museum there is an oil painting of a Maria van der Liphorst who appears to have been a sister. Their mother’s maiden name was Van Brugh or Van Brugge. See <a href="http://wingetgenealogy.com/tree/family.php?famid=F2642&show_full=1">http://wingetgenealogy.com/tree/family.php?famid=F2642&show_full=1</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn11"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span ><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Louis de Boer cites Document #280 of the City Archives of Haarlem as the source. Per de Boer, this was notarized by W. van Kittensteyn and witnessed by Anthony de Mil and Jan Thomas van Son). For an interesting look at the importance of notaries in the lives of Netherlanders and New Netherlanders see Donna Merwick, <u>Death of a Notary: Conquest and Change in Colonial New York</u>, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999). Note that the main protagonist in Merwick’s tale, Ludovicus Cobus, is a native of Herentals, in the Province of Antwerp.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn12"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span ><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_ednref12" name="_edn12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> Ship sailings can be found online here <a href="http://immigrantships.net/newcompass/pass_lists/listolivetree2.html">http://immigrantships.net/newcompass/pass_lists/listolivetree2.html</a> for New Netherland bound passengers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn13"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span ><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_ednref13" name="_edn13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xiii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> The ship passenger lists for those sailing to New Netherland at this time can be found here: <a href="http://www.olivetreegenealogy.com/nn/ships/">http://www.olivetreegenealogy.com/nn/ships/</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn14"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span ><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_ednref14" name="_edn14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xiv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> The family name was mis-transcribed as “de Mis”. Also on board was Jan Evertsen from Lokeren, East Flanders. See <a href="http://www.olivetreegenealogy.com/ships/nnship05.shtml">http://www.olivetreegenealogy.com/ships/nnship05.shtml</a> For a detailed (and crisply accurate) genealogy and documentary trail of Jan Evertsen of Lokeren and the Ten Eyck and Boel families of Antwerp, please see Gwen F. Epperson, <u>New Netherland Roots</u>, (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1994), especially pages 3-4 for Jan Evertsen, Appendix C, “The Ten Eyck-Boel European Connection” (pp.123-129).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn15"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span ><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_ednref15" name="_edn15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> The 400<sup>th</sup> anniversary of Govert Loockermans’ birthday is July 2<sup>nd</sup>, 2012. I intend to have a blog post about Loockermans completed by that time.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn16"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span ><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_ednref16" name="_edn16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xvi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""> The de Peysters were originally from Gent. The Van Brugges originally from Brugge. The Van der Waters may also have been from Brugge. The van de Waters participated in De Mille family baptisms both in Haarlem and in New Amsterdam. Johannes Van Brugges has been listed as a relative of the De Milles, according to de Boer. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div id="edn17"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/david's/Documents/DeMilles%20Flemish%20Origins.docx#_ednref17" name="_edn17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif""><span ><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%; ">[xvii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span > Jaap Jacobs, <u>New Netherland: A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth-Century America</u>, (Leiden: Brill, 2005), pp.248-249: “Baker Anthony de Milt [sic] was accused by the <i>Schout</i> Pieter Tonneman of baking bread that was too light in weight. De Milt did not deny that his bread was below standard, but maintained that this was not deliberate. According to him the batch had been left in the oven for too long. His explanation was supported by his assistant, Laurens van der Spiegel, who declared that the bread had been in the oven for four hours, an hour longer than normal. This had happened while De Milt [sic] was out on business and Van der Spiegel was busy in the loft. Furthermore, the batch consisted of only forty loaves instead of the usual seventy. And since bread from between sixty and seventy <i>schepels </i> [about fifty bushels] of grain had been baked during the previous days, the oven was very hot. The result of all this was that the bread became too dry, and consequently weighed less than it should have. Other bakers consulted by the court stated that this was a plausible explanation. <i>Burgemeesters </i> and <i>Schepen </i>nonetheless sentenced De Milt to a fine of one hundred and fifty guilders, but rejected the demand by <i>Schout </i> Tonneman that he be banned from baking for six weeks, probably because they were convinced that this was not a case of deliberate attempt to defraud.” Parenthetically, while I am generally delighted with the breadth and scope (and scholarship) of Dr. Jacobs’ <u>New Netherland</u>, his book retains the critical flaw of many Dutch-centric books: ignoring or glossing over the contributions of the Flemish. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoEndnoteText"><i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; ">Copyright 2012 by David Baeckelandt. All rights reserved. No reproduction in any format permitted without my express, written consent.</i></p> </div> </div></div></div>Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9185379563111172153.post-30249146041924880152011-12-25T07:15:00.006-06:002011-12-26T11:13:59.762-06:00Prettige Kerstdagen! Merry Christmas!<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPOLoqJYrpWRKX4NG67zFFedy-m-PUVWFdPxXzwQH8Y41ymUYrXF211nYH9dBpoKzt5tpmymCQT7LN16g5qnOz_2221e0RdQTtjtUOImLnrWrWlP0umVzb3a9v7v8TlxG79fiRZ86Vd2k/s1600/Gent+from+a+Bridge+at+Night-20111127.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPOLoqJYrpWRKX4NG67zFFedy-m-PUVWFdPxXzwQH8Y41ymUYrXF211nYH9dBpoKzt5tpmymCQT7LN16g5qnOz_2221e0RdQTtjtUOImLnrWrWlP0umVzb3a9v7v8TlxG79fiRZ86Vd2k/s400/Gent+from+a+Bridge+at+Night-20111127.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5690102305456205602" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span ><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; " >The West Flemish priest (and poet and Father of the Flemish Movement) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Gezelle">Guido Gezelle</a>, nearly always had something so perfectly dead on to say. It may seem a stretch to incorporate him here, but since he did have a strong literary (and emotional) <a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Gezelle">attachment to America</a> (inspired by , he certainly has a stake in the Flemish Contribution to America.</span></div><div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; " ><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; " >Permit me to pass along this along to you:</span></div><div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; " ><br /></span></div><div><span class="ecxtext" style="text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " ><br /><span><span style="line-height: 17px;">Ik wense U:</span></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span></div><span><span style="line-height: 17px;">Ik wense u een jaar, dat zacht als zijde is ;</span></span><br /><span><span style="line-height: 17px;">Ik wense u een jaar, dat blank en blijde is;</span></span><br /><span><span style="line-height: 17px;">Ik wense u een jaar, dat ver van krank is,</span></span><br /><span><span style="line-height: 17px;">Een deugdelijk jaar zo breed als ’t lang is;</span></span><br /><span><span style="line-height: 17px;">Ik wense u een jaar, dat als ’t voorbij is,</span></span><br /><span><span style="line-height: 17px;">Een zalig jaar voor u en mij is.</span></span><br /><br /><span><span style="line-height: 17px;">- Guido Gezelle - "Jaarkrans" 1893</span></span><br /><span><span style="line-height: 17px;">( I wish you a year that is as soft as silk;</span></span><br /><span><span style="line-height: 17px;">I wish you a year that is bright and cheerful;</span></span><br /><span><span style="line-height: 17px;">I wish you a year of endless good health;</span></span><br /><span><span style="line-height: 17px;">A solid year that is as broad and long as it can be;</span></span></span></div><div><span class="ecxtext" style="text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " ><span style="line-height: 17px;">I wish you a year [which, when it is over, will be] a blessed year for you and for me</span><span><span style="line-height: 17px;">. </span></span></span></div><div><span class="ecxtext" style="text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " ><span><span style="line-height: 17px;">- translation courtesy of Leo Norekens)</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;" ><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </span></div><div><span style="color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Lastly, since this is a day of joy, celebration, and at least occasional heavenly glances, please allow me one more Flemish reference to the Spirit of the Season.</span></div><div><span style="color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Although he never visited America - and perhaps had zero ties with America - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> was like yours truly the grandson of Flemish emigrants. Beethoven's Flemish origins were however from Antwerp, a port which has given more than its fair share of emigrants to America. </span></div><div><span style="color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">It seems, then, only fitting that since Beethoven's Ode to Joy is not only a popular Christmas tune but also the anthem of the European Union, that I wrap up <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wod-MudLNPA">with this</a>. </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Merry Christmas and to all of you my heartfelt wishes for a New Year with all the best to you humanly possible. </span></div><div><span style="color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Prettige Kerstdagen & Gelukkig Nieuwjaar!</span></div><div><span style="color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><br /></span></div><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7-6XWIi0RFaEcb5cFQHvf175Yua3SylxDudDwZWaSA8K66khJkUXlWaeJiqH8s_LGLQ6iz07L8ahllwM5n0sx8aImFqI_Dqfz8vUMn-ndA9xAI9yCYsZsbGtJAQ3eWL827MYodPNf_I4/s400/Gent+at+Dusk-20111127.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5690102308109552674" style="color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 400px; " /></div><div><span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="line-height: 16px; "><i>Copyright 2011 by David Baeckelandt. All rights reserved. No reproduction permitted without my explicit, written consent. Merry Christmas!</i></span></span></div><div><span style="color: rgb(42, 42, 42); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "> </span> </div>Dave Baeckelandthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05992489503574632117noreply@blogger.com3